CONTENTS ix 



CHAPTER PAGE 



XI. Coloration ....... 207 



Colours of some tropical fishes. Variations. Meanings of 

 coloration. Obliterative shading. Oceanic fishes. Shore 

 fishes. Fishes of coral reefs. Protective resemblance. 

 Mimicry. Coloration and environment. Colour changes. 

 Sexual differences. Warning colours. Mechanism of colora- 

 tion: chromatophores, iridocytes, etc. Mechanism of colour 

 changes. Xanthochroism. Influence of light on pigment. 

 Coloration of Flat-fishes. Ambicoloration. Albinism. 



XII. Conditions of Life ...... 230 



Deep-sea fishes. Cave-dwelling fishes: Kentucky Blind-fish, 

 Cuban Blind-fishes. Evolution of cave faunas. Californian 

 Blind Goby. Sponge-inhabiting Gobies. Hill-stream fishes 

 and their modifications. Effects of temperature on fishes. 

 Catastrophe of Tile-fish. Hibernation and aestivation. 

 Association of Pilot-fish and Shark. Commensalism : Remora 

 and Shark, Pomacentrid and anemone, Rudder-fish and 

 jelly-fish, Fierasfer and echinoderm or oyster. Symbiosis. 

 Parasitism: Candiru. 



XIII. Distribution and Migrations .... 252 

 Science of Zoogeography. Marine and fresh-water fishes. 

 Oceanic fishes. Coastal fishes. Zones of distribution. 

 Tropical zone : Panama and Suez Canals. South Temperate 



and Antarctic Zones. North Temperate and Arctic Zones. 

 Migrations of marine fishes: Tunny, Mackerel, Pilchard, 

 Herring, etc. Races of Herring. Origin of fresh-water fishes. 

 Catadromous and anadromous fishes. Distribution of 

 Salmonidae. Distribution of Ostariophysi. Zoogeographical 

 regions. Australian Region: Wallace's Line. Madagascar. 

 Neotropical Region. Fishes of South America and Africa 

 compared. Ethiopian and Indian regions. Palaearctic 

 region. British fresh-water fishes. Nearctic region. 



XIV. Breeding ........ 279 



Reproductive organs. Fertilisation. Ancient theories of 

 spawning. Spawning of Cod, Plaice, Herring, etc. Number 



of eggs produced. Spawning of Salmon. Of Sea Lamprey. 

 Breeding habits of Fresh-water Eel. Of Cyprinids. 



XV. Pairing, Courtship, and Parental Care . . 294 



Intromittent organs: of Selachians, of Cyprinodonts. Breed- 

 ing habits of Cyprinodonts. Secondary sexual characters. 

 Courtship of Fighting-fish: of Dragonet. Pugnacity of 

 males at breeding season. Parental care: primitive nests. 

 Nests of Mud-fishes, Bow-fins, Cat-fishes, etc. Breeding 

 habits of Three-spined Stickleback, of Fighting-fish and 

 Paradise-fish, of Bitterling. Cichlids and Cat-fishes carrying 

 eggs in the mouth and attached to the body. Care of eggs in 

 marine fishes: Lump Sucker, Gunnel, Kurtus. Egg-pouches 

 in Pipe-fishes. Parasitic males in oceanic Angler-fishes. 



