MALE GENITALIA 



47 



In most of the Lepidoptera and in some of the Diptera the only- 

 movable organs are formed by the modified styli. In the 

 Lepidoptera the coxosternum is termed the vinculum, while the 

 claspers are often known as harpes {vide Mehta, 1933). Among 

 Diptera, Snodgrass has shown that in the lower forms (Tipulidse) 

 the coxites and styli are both separate and distinct, but more 

 commonly the coxites are fused with their sternum. In the 

 Homoptera, Singh Pruthi (1924, 

 1925), George (1929) and 

 Metcalfe (1932) have shown 

 that claspers are undeveloped 

 as such since their rudiments 

 come to form the subgenital 

 plates. In Heteroptera, Snod- 

 grass (1935) states that claspers 

 are present, but the ontogenetic 

 studies of Christophers (1922) 

 seem to point to the conclusion 

 that the organs in question are 

 parameres. The true condition 

 of affairs in the Hemiptera as a 

 whole requires thorough investi- 

 gation and generalisations either 

 from the study of the completed Fig. 29. 

 organs alone or from an onto 



Grylloblatta, male ; ventral 

 view of terminal segments, c, c, 

 coxites ; e, eversible sac ; r, I, right 

 genetic study of one or two and left lobes of paramere ; s, s, 



types only are not trustworthy. f^y^i ' ^9' ^1"*^ abdominal sternum. 



^ (From Walker.) 



In Coleoptera, claspers are 



wanting : in Tenebrio, a pair of evanescent papillae are recognised 



by Singh Pruthi (1924a) as being vestiges of these appendages. 



Among the Hymenoptera claspers are usually regarded as being 



present, although Snodgrass concludes that they are seldom to be 



found in that order. 



The penis and its associated parts form the inner organs of the 



male genitalia. A number of workers have shown that a pair of 



lobes arise in a median position in regard to the ninth sternum. 



These lobes develop as apparent outgrowths near the hind border of 



