LITERATURE 365 



acts as a vehicle of transportation to another, and this term in its 

 anglicised form, phoresy, as suggested by Howard is adopted here. 

 The habit has so far been little investigated and appears to be 

 mainly developed among parasites, where it is evidently an 

 adaptation enabling them to obtain access to their hosts. Several 

 examples are instanced by Ferriere (1926), which are quoted 

 along with certain others in the article by Howard just alluded 

 to. It is well known that the triungulin larvae of certain blister 

 beetles attach themselves to the legs and hairs of bees in order to 

 reach the nests of these insects, where they complete their 

 transformations. Very similar habits are displayed by the Chalcid 

 Schizaspidia studied by Clausen (1923), whose primary larvae, or 

 planidia, attach themselves to the legs of passing ants and are 

 carried by them to their nests, where they become parasites of the 

 brood {vide also p. 334). Phoresy, in the case of adult parasites, 

 is a recent discovery of particular interest in that it leads to 

 the beginning of parasitism by the imago. Certain Scelionid 

 egg-parasites of Orthoptera attach themselves as adults to 

 female grasshoppers and remain until those insects deposit their 

 egg-masses, whereupon the parasites utilise the latter as hosts for 

 their own eggs. An advanced type of similar behaviour is 

 described by Chopard (1922) with reference to the species Riela 

 manticida Kieff., whose development takes place in the eggs of the 

 common praying mantis. Upon emergence the adult parasites 

 make their way to the mantids, upon whose bodies they settle 

 down. In this situation they cast off their wings and lead a true 

 ectoparasitic life, since Chopard asserts that they undoubtedly 

 feed upon their mantid vector. In cases where the latter is a 

 female, and has commenced oviposition, the Riela moves to the 

 genital region in order to lay its eggs in the viscid mass of the 

 ootheca as it is being formed. Individuals which settle upon 

 male mantids are stated to be short-lived and perish with their 

 hosts. 



Literature 



Baer. 1920. Zeits. Angew. Ent., VI., 185. 

 Chopard, 1922. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., XCI., 249. 



