162 University of Washington Publications in Biology [Vol. 2. 



duced as a flap, the latter thin and flexible toward the margin; 

 membranous border without a distinct red spot ; pectoral fins 

 pointed, about as long as head; caudal vertebrae usually 17, gill 

 rakers about Vi as long as eye. Range: Introduced into western 

 United States. Freshwater. Common. 

 Bluegill Sunfish.169. Helioperca incisor (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 



5b. Lower pharyngeals broad, about y 2 the length of the toothed por- 

 tion, the outer margin strongly gibbous, the teeth short, broad 

 molars ; operculum scarcely produced, the margin stiff, contrast- 

 ing sharply with the membraneous border, which always bears a 

 conspicuous red spot; caudal vertebrae 18, gill rakers rudimentary. 

 Range : Introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Com- 

 mon. 

 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 170. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus) 



2b. Anal V to VII, 16 to 19; anal fin about as long as dorsal; dorsal V 

 to VIII (rarely IX), 13 to 16; tongue, hyoid, and pterygoids toothed; 

 mouth large ; supplementary maxillary well developed ; preopercle strong- 

 ly serrate on entire lower margin as well as around angle; gill rakers 

 long and slender, more than 20. 



6a. Dorsal VI (rarely V or VII); caudal vertebrae usually 18; 

 origin of dorsal farther back so that a line perpendicular to upper 

 jaw passes in front of 1st dorsal spine; dark markings arranged 

 to form vertical bands. Range : Introduced into western United 

 States. Freshwater. Common. 

 White Crappie 171. Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque 



6b. Dorsal spines VII or VIII (usually VII), rarely VI, IX, or X; 

 caudal vertebrae usually 19; origin of dorsal farther back so 

 that a line perpendicular to upper jaw passes behind the third 

 dorsal spine ; dark markings not forming bands. Range : Intro- 

 duced into western United States. Freshwater. Common. 

 Black Crappie 172. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepede) 



lb. Body elongate, bass-shaped, the depth about Vz the length; scales small, 

 60 to 85 along the lateral line; pyloric caeca 11 or more; anal spines III 

 (rarely II or IV) and very small, the longest less than y 2 the longest soft 

 ray ; opercle bilobed ; supplementary maxillary well developed. 



7a. Pyloric caeca typically unbranched ; preopercle scaleless ; fins 

 better scaled ; dorsal fin shallowly emarginate, the shortest 

 spine more than 2 /z as long as longest, the top of the spinous 

 portion being gently rounded; dorsal soft rays 14 (rarely 13 

 or 15) ; caudal vertebrae 17 (rarely 16) ; scales on cheek much 

 reduced in size; mouth of moderate size (the upper jaw ex- 

 tending beyond middle of pupil but not to hind margin of eye) ; 

 color pattern consisting chiefly of short vertical bars. Range : 

 Introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Not com- 

 mon. 

 Small-mouth Black Bass. .173. Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede 



7b. Most of the pyloric caeca in any one fish always bifid; pre- 

 opercle partially scaled ; dorsal and anal scaled only at very 

 base; dorsal soft rays 12 or 13; caudal vertebrae 17 or 18; 

 scales on cheek only moderately reduced in size ; mouth large 

 (upper jaw extending beyond hind margin of eye in adult) ; 

 color pattern consisting chiefly of a dark lateral streak. Range : 

 Introduced into western United States. Freshwater. Common. 



Large-mouth Black Bass 



174. Aplitcs salmoidcs Rafinesque (=H«ro floridana LeSueur) 



