i TABLE OF CONTENTS 



g. Complete metamorphosis l8o 



The Holometabola i8o 



The term larva l8o 



The adaptive characteristics of larvae i8i 



The different types of larvae 183 



The prepupa 185 



The pupa 186 



The chrysalis 186 



Active pupae 187 



The cremaster 187 



The cocoon 188 



Modes of escape from the cocoon 188 



The puparium 190 



Modes of escape from the puparium 190 



The different types of pupae 190 



The imago 191 



h. Hypermetamorphosis 191 



i. Viviparous insects 191 



Viviparity with parthenogenetic reproduction 192 



Viviparity with sexual reproduction 193 



j. Neoteinia 194 



2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPENDAGES I94 



a. The development of wings 195 



The development of the wings of nymphs and naiads 195 



The development of the wings in insects with a complete meta- 

 morphosis 195 



b. The development of legs 197 



The development of the legs of nymphs and naiads 198 



The development of the legs in insects with a complete meta- 

 morphosis 198 



c. The development of antennae 199 



d. The development of mouth-parts 200 



e. The development of the genital appendages 201 



3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD IN THE MUSCID^ 202 



4. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS 204 



