LEPIDOPTERA 



621 



shaped cases composed of silk, the pubescence of leaves, and excre- 

 ment. The larva projects itself out from the case far enough to get 



a foothold and 



eats irregular 



holes in the leaf, 



holding the case 



at a considerable 



angle with the 



leaf. About Sep- 

 tember first the 



larvas migrate to 



the twigs where 



they fasten the 



cases to the 



bark (Fig. 760) 



and hibernate till 



April, spending 



about seven 



months in hiber- 

 nation. They 



then pass to the 



swelling buds, 



expanding leaves 



and flowers, 



where they continue feeding. They become full-grown in the latter 



part of May, and then fasten their cases to the smaller branches. 



After the case is fastened to the 

 branch the larva turns around in 

 it, and changes to a pupa; conse- 

 quently the moth emerges from 

 the curved end of the case. 



The cigar case-bearer, Coleo- 

 phora fletcherella. — This species, 

 like the preceding one, is a pest 

 of apple and other fruit trees, and 

 resembles that species to a con- 

 siderable extent in habits. In 

 this species the young larvse are 

 miners in the leaves for two or 



three weeks before making their cases. The case (Fig. 761) is com.- 



posed of fragments of leaves fastened together by silk. 



Fig. 760. — Coleophora malivorella: a, apple twig showing 

 larval cases and work on leaves; b, larva; c, pupa; d, 

 moth; b, c, d, enlarged. (After Riley.) 



Fig. 7C1. — Cases of the cigar case 

 bearer. (After Hammar.) 



Family ELACHISTID^ 



The head is smooth. The scape of the antenna3 does not form an 

 ej^e-cap. The venation is but slightly reduced (Fig. 762). The hind 

 wings are lanceolate, with a well formed discal cell. 



The larvse have sixteen legs. Most of the known species make 

 blotch mines in grasses. And some at least when full-grown leave 



