DIPTERA 873 



and simplest way of attacking the fly problem is to prevent them from 

 breeding, by the treatment or abolition of all places in which they 

 can breed." Garbage cans should be kept tightly closed and emptied 

 at least once a week. Manure should be stored in tight receptacles 

 or treated with borax, one-half pound of borax to eight bushels of 

 manure. The borax should be applied immediately after the removal 

 of the manure from the barn. Apply the borax particularly around 

 the edges of the pile with a flour sifter or any fine sieve, and sprinkle 

 two or three gallons of water over the borax treated manure. It is 

 estimated that the cost of the borax will be about one cent per horse 

 per day, (Cook, Hutchison, and Scales '14). 



The stable-fly, Stomoxys calcitrans: — This species resembles the 

 house-fly in appearance, but it is a trifle larger and has its mouth- 

 parts fitted for piercing and for sucking blood. It annoys cattle 

 greatly; and before storms and in the autumn it enters our dwellings 

 and attacks us. The popular belief that the house-fly bites more 

 viciously just before a rain is due to invasions of this species at such 

 times. The mouth-parts of the true house-fly are not fitted for pierc- 

 ing. The stable-fly is especially common in barns. It breeds in 

 vegetable refuse, manure and excrement. 



The horn-fly, Hcematdbia trritans. — This is an exceedingly annoy- 

 ing pest of homed cattle. It resembles the house-fly in appearance, 

 but is less than half as large. These flies cluster in great nimibers 

 around the base of the horns; they also settle upon the back. The 

 larvse live in fresh cow-manure. The flies can be killed by spraying 

 the cattle with kerosene emulsion or with crude petroleum. 



The tsetse-fly, Glossma morsitans. — This species, which is closely 

 allied to the stable-fly, is widely distributed in Africa and is the carrier 

 of the blood parasite that causes the disease of cattle known as 

 nagana and the sleeping sickness of man. 



SECTION II— PUPIPARA 



Under this head are classed several families of flies that are para- 

 sitic in the adult state. In most cases the adults live like lice on the 

 bodies of birds or of mammals ; but two species are parasites of the 

 honey-bee. The name Pupipara was suggested by the fact that in 

 the best -known forms the larvse attain their full growth within the 

 body of the female fly, where they are nourished by the product of 

 glands specialized for this purpose. It was formerly believed that 

 the young are born as pupae ; but it is now known that the change to 

 the pupa state does not take place until after the larva is born. It is 

 also known that this remarkable manner of development is not re- 

 stricted to this group of families as it is characteristic also of the 

 tsetse-fly. But the name Pupipara has been so generally used for this 

 group of families that it seems best to retain it. 



In the Pupipara the eyes are never large and in some forms they 

 are either vestigial or wanting ; the ocelli are present in some genera 

 in others they are wanting. The antennas are apparently only one- or 



