16 



AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY 



each pair or the non-development of one of them; which of these 

 alternatives is the case has not been definitely determined. 



It is clear, however, that there has been a grouping of the seg- 

 ments in pairs in the region where the appendages are doubled, for 

 corresponding with each tergtim there are two sterna and two pairs of 

 spiracles. 



A few of the anterior body segments, usually three or four in 

 number, and sometimes one or two of the caudal segments remain 

 single. Frequently one of the anterior single segments is legless, but 

 the particular segment that lacks legs differs in the different families. 

 The head, which is as distinct as is the head of insects, bears the 

 antennas, the eyes, and the mouth-parts. The antennae are short, 

 and usually consist each of seven segments. The eyes are usually 

 represented by a group of ocelli on each side of the 

 head; but the ocelli vary greatly in number, and are 

 sometimes absent. The mouth-parts consist of an P 

 upper lip or lahi um; a pair of mandibles; and a pair 

 of jaws, which are united at the base, forming a large 

 plate, which is known as the gnathochildrium. In 

 the genus Polyxemts there is a pair of lobes between - 

 the mandibles and the gnathochilarium, which have 

 been named the maxtllulcB. (paragnatha?). 



The labnrni is merely the anterior part of the ^ig- ^9-— A "^^.ndi 

 upper wall of the head and, as in insects, is not an 

 appendage. The mandibles, in the forms in which 

 they are best developed, are fitted for biting, and 

 consist of several parts (Fig. 19) ; but in some forms 

 they are vestigial. The gnathochilarium (Fig. 20) is 

 complicated in structure, the details of which vary greatly in different 

 genera. 



cardo; d,d, t&hth.; 

 m, muscle; ma, 

 mala; p, pecti- 

 nate plate; s, 

 stipes (After 

 Latzel). 



I- s/ 



^ V - B 



Pig. 20. — The gnathochilarium or second jaws of three diplopods; A, Spirostrtp- 

 tits; B,Julus; C, Glomeris: r. cardo; //, hypostoma; /g, linguae; w, mentum 

 pm, promentum; st, stipes (After Silvestri). 



