336 ^A^ INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY 



The accompanying figures represent some of our common species 



Fig. 382. — Goniodes stylif- 

 er. (From Law.) 



Fig. 383. — Tricho- 

 d e c t e s I a t u s. 

 (From Law.) 



Fig. 384-— 

 Trichodectes 

 spheroceph- 

 alus. (From 

 Law.) 



Fig. 385- — Trz- 

 chodectes sca- 

 laris. (From 

 Law.) 



Fig. 386. — Tricho 

 dectes equi. 

 (From Law.) 



Goniodes styUjer (Fig. 382) infests turkeys; Trichodectes Idtus (Fig. 

 383), dogs; Trichodectes spherocephalns (Fig. 384), 

 sheep; Trichodectes scalar is (Fig. 385), domestic cat- 

 tle; and Trichodectes equi (Fig. 386), horses and asses. 

 The eggs of the Mallophaga are glued to the 

 hairs or feathers of their hosts. The development 

 takes place on the body of the host and is without 

 metamorphosis. The young are not so dark in color 

 as the adults and the cuticula is less densely chitin- 

 ized. The ametabolous condition of these insects is 

 believed to be an acquired one, a result of their 

 parasitic habits. 



The bird-lice are well known to most people who 

 have pet birds or who keep poultry. It is to free 

 themselves from these pests that birds wallow in 

 dust. When poultry are kept in closed houses they should be provided 

 with a dust-bath. All poultry houses should be cleaned at least twice 

 a year, and the old straw burned. Sprinkling powdered sulphur in 

 the nests and oiling the perches with kerosene will tend to keep the 

 pests in check. If a poultr^^ house becomes badly infected, it should 

 be cleaned thoroughly, every part whitewashed, and the poultry dust- 

 ed with either insect-powder or sodiirm fluoride. 



The Mallophaga is a small order. Professor V. L. Kellogg in his 

 "Mallophaga" (Kellogg '08 b) estimates the mmiber of known species 

 to be 1250; these represent twenty-seven genera. But there are 

 doubtless many species not yet discovered, as comparatively few 

 birds and mammals have been thoroughly searched for these pests. 



The work just quoted is the latest and most complete systematic 

 treatise on this order. It followed a long series of papers on these 

 insects published by this author. A more generally accessible ac- 

 count of the species that have been found in North America is a 



