LEPIDOPTERA 583 



The Many-plume Moths, p. 653 Family Orneodid^ 



The Window-winged Moths, p. 653 Family THYRiDiDiE 



The Hyblseids. p. 655 Family Hybl^id^ 



CCC. The Specialized Macrofrenat^. — Specialized Frenatae 



which are usually of medium or large size. This division includes certain 



moths and all skippers and butterflies. In these insects the anal area of the 



hind wings is reduced, containing only one or two anal veins. 



D. The Frenulum-conservers . — Specialized JMacrofrenatse in which the two 



wings of each side are typically united by a frenulum; but in some highly 



specialized genera o^ some families (Sphingidee, Geometridas, and Dre- 



panidae) the supplanting of the frenulum by an expanded humeral angle 



of the hind wing is either far advanced or complete. This group of 



families includes only moths. 



The hawk-moths or sphinxes, p. 655 Family SpHiNGlDiE 



Superfamily Geometroidea 



The Geometrids. p. 663 Family Geometrid^ 



The Manidiids. p. 673 Family MANiDiiDiE 



The Noctuids and Their Allies 



The Dioptids. p. 673 Family Dioptid^ 



The Prominents. p. 674 Family Notodontid^ 



The Tussock-moths, p. 679 Family Lymantriid^ 



The Noctuids. p. 683 Family Noctuids 



The Foresters, p. 697 Family Agaristid^ 



The Pericopids. p. 698 Family Pericopid^ 



The Arctiids. p. 699 Family Arctiid^ 



The Euchromiids. p. 706 Family Euchromiid^ 



The Eupterotids. p. 707 Family Eupterotid^ 



The Epiplemids. p. 708 Family Epiplemid^ 



The Thyatirids. p. 709 Family Thyatirid^ 



The Drepanids. p. 710 Family Drepanid^e 



DD. The Frenulum-losers. — Specialized Macrofrenatae, in which the 

 frenulum has been supplanted by a greatly extended humeral area of 

 the hind wings. In some of the more generalized forms a vestigial 

 frenulum persists (Bombycidae and Lacosomidae) . This division in- 

 cludes three groups of families: the Frenulum-losing moths, the skip- 

 pers, and the butterflies. The grouping together of the families in- 

 cluded in this division is merely provisional, as doubtless the loss of the 

 frenulum has arisen independently several times. 

 E. The Frenulum-losing Moihs. — In these moths the antennas are 



usually pectinate; they are never enlarged into a club at the tip. 



The Lacosomids. p. 712 Family Lacosomid^ 



Superfamily Saturnioidea 



The Royal-moths, p. 715 Family Citheroniid.e 



The Giant Silk-worms, p. 719 Family Saturniid^ 



The Silk-worms, p. 727 Family Bombycid^ 



The Lasiocampids. p. 728 Family Lasiocampid^ 



EE. The Skippers. — These are day-fiying Lepidoptera which resemble 

 butterflies in usually holding their wings erect when at rest, but are 

 distinguished by the peculiar venation of the fore wings, vein R being 

 five-branched, and all of the branches arising from the discal cell. 

 The antennae are enlarged into a club towards the tip. 

 Superfamily Hesperioidea 



The Giant Skippers, p. 733 Family Megathymid^ 



The Common Skippers, p. 734 Family Hesperiid^ 



EEE. The Butterflies. — Day-flying Lepidoptera that hold their wings 

 erect when at rest, that have clubbed antennae, and that differ from 

 the skippers in the venation of the fore wings, some of the branches of 

 vein R coalescing beyond the discal cell. 



Superfamily Papilionoidea 



The Swallow-tails and the Parnassians, p. 740 Family Papilionid.^ 



