584 AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY 



The Pierids. p. 744 Family Pierid^ 



The Four-footed Butterflies, p. 750 Family NvMPHALiDiE 



The Metal-marks, p. 767 Family Riodinid^ 



The Gossamer- winged Butterflies, p. 768 Family Lvc^NlDiE 



TABLES FOR DETERMINING THE FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA 



TABLE A 



A. Wingless or with vestigial wings. This division includes only females. All 

 males of Lepidoptera are winged. 



B. The larvae case-bearers; the adult female either remains within the case to 

 lay her eggs, or leaves the case and sits on the outside of it. p. 613. PsvcHlDiE 

 BB. The larvae not case-bearers; the wingless adult not in a case. 



C. The adult female remains upon her cocoon to lay her eggs; the body of 



the adult is clothed with fine hairs, p. 679 LymantriiD/E 



CC. The adult female is active and lays her eggs remote from her cocoon; 

 the body of the adult is closely scaled, or spined, or with bristling dark gray 



hair. p. 663 Geometrid^ 



CCC. In addition to the above there are some arctic species of the Noc- 

 tuidse and of the Arctiid^ in which the wings of the females are vestigial. 

 AA. With well-developed wings. 



B. Fore and hind wings similar in form and venation, the radius of the hind 

 wings being, like that of the fore wings, five-branched (Suborder Jugate). 

 C. Minute moths resembling tineids in appearance. 



D. Adult moths with well-developed functional mandibles; subcosta of 



the fore wings forked near its middle, p. 592 MiCROPTERVGiDiE 



DD. Mandibles of the adult vestigial; maxillae formed for sucking; 



subcosta of fore wings forked near its apex. p. 593 ERiocRANiiOi^ 



CC. Moths of medium or large size, without functional mouth-parts, p. 594 



Hepialid^ 



BB. Fore and hind wings differing in form and venation; the radial sector of 

 the hind wings being unbranched, and vein Ri of the hind wings usually 

 coalesced with vein Sc (Suborder Frenat^). 



C. Antennae of various forms, but rarely clubbed as in the skippers and 



butterflies; if the antennae are clubbed the hind wings bear a frenulum. 



D. The fringe on the inner angle of the hind wings as long as, or longer 



than, the width of the wing; the hind wings often lanceolate, but 



never fissured. (Microfrenatae.) Pass to Table B. 



DD. Hind wings much broader than their fringe, and not lanceolate. 



E. Wings fissured deeply. 



F. Each wing divided into six lobes, p. 653 ORNEODiDiE 



PP. Wings never more than four-lobed; usually the fore wings. 



bilobed and the hind wings trilobed. p. 652 PTEROPHORiDiE 



EE. Wings not fissured or the front wings slightly fissured. 



F. Fore wings very narrow, the width at the middle less than one- 

 fourth the length of the wing; a considerable part of the hind 

 wings, and in many cases of the fore wings also, free from scales; 

 inner margin of fore wings and costal margin of hind wings with a 



series of recurved and interlocking spines, p. 634 JEgerubm 



FF. Wings scaled throughout, or if clear with the fore wings trian- 

 gular in outline; wings not interlocking at middle with series of re- 

 curved spines. 



G. With a double series of enlarged and divergent scales along 

 vein Cu of the hind wings below; wings, body, and legs very 



long. {Agdisiis.) p. 652 Pterophorid^. 



GG. Without such scales on vein Cu of the hind wings. 



H. Hind wings with three anal veins. Care must be taken not 

 to mistake a mere fold in the wing for a vein. When there is 

 no thickening of the membrane of the wing along a fold, it i". 

 not counted as a vein. 



