LEPIDOPTERA 



619 



It now becomes cylindrical in form, there is a great change in the 

 shape of the mouth-parts, and the fourteen feet are well developed. 

 The full-grown cylindrical larva measures about 5 mm. in length. 

 It spins a cocoon, which is simply a delicate, semi-transparent, 

 circular sheet of white silk, stretched over a part of the floor of the 

 mine. The pupa is dark brown in color, and bears a toothed crest 

 upon its head (Fig. 758, n, o), which enables it doubtless to pierce or 

 Saw its way out from the cocoon. The moth is a delicate little crea- 

 ture, whose wings expand a little more than 6 mm. The fore wings 



Fig. 758. — Phyllonorycter hamadryadella: a, mine; b, young larva; c, full-grown, 

 flat -form larva; d, head of same, enlarged; e, antenna of same, enlarged; /, 

 round-form larva from above; g, same from below; h, head of same, enlarged; 

 i, antenna of same, enlarged; k, maxilla and palpus of same, enlarged; /, 

 labium, labial palpi, and spinnerets of same; m, pupa; w, side view of pupal 

 crest; 0, front view of same; q, cocoon; Q, moth. (From the author's Report 

 for 1879.J 



are white, with three, broad, irregular, bronze bands across each, and 

 each band is bordered with black on the inner side. The hind wings 

 are silvery. 



As this insect passes the winter as a larva within the dry leaves, 

 the best way to check its ravages when it becomes a pest is to rake 

 up and bum such leaves. 



Another common oak-leaf miner in the East is Phyllonorycter 

 cincinnatiella. The larvee form large blotch mines on the upper 

 surface of leaves. In this species the larvae are social, one mine often 

 containing from several to a dozen larvae. The loosened epidermis is 

 brownish yellow, somewhat puckered, and often covers nearly the 



