LEPIDOPTERA 



621 



shaped cases composed of silk, the pubescence of leaves, and excre- 

 ment. The larva projects itself out from the case far enough to get 

 a foothold and 

 eats irregular 

 holes in the leaf, 

 holding the case 

 at a considerable 

 angle with the 

 leaf. About Sep- 

 tember first the 

 larvce migrate to 

 the twigs where 

 they fasten the 

 cases to the 

 bark (Fig. 760) 

 and hibernate till 

 April, spending 

 about seven 

 months in hiber- 

 nation. They 

 then pass to the 

 swelling buds, 

 expanding leaves 

 and flowers, 



where they continue feeding. They become full-grown in the latter 

 part of May, and then fasten their cases to the smaller branches. 



After the case is fastened to the 

 branch the larva turns around in 

 it, and changes to a pupa; conse- 

 quently the moth emerges from 

 the curved end of the case. 



The cigar case-bearer, Coleo- 

 phora fletcherella. — This species, 

 like the preceding one, is a pest 

 of apple and other fruit trees, and 

 resembles that species to a con- 

 siderable extent in habits. In 

 this species the young larvae are 

 miners in the leaves for two or 

 three weeks before making their cases. The case (Fig. 761) is com- 

 posed of fragments of leaves fastened together by silk. 



Fig. 760. — Coleophora malivorella: a, apple twig showing 

 larval cases and work on leaves; b, larva; c, pupa; d, 

 moth; b, c, d, enlarged. (After Riley.) 



Fig. 761 

 bearer. 



—Cases of the cigar case- 

 (After Hammar.) 



Family ELACHISTID.^ 



The head is smooth. The scape of the antennas does not form an 

 eye-cap. The venation is but slightly reduced (Fig. 762). The hind 

 wings are lanceolate, with a well formed discal cell. 



The larvas have sixteen legs. Most of the known species make 

 blotch mines in grasses. And some at least when full-grown leave 



