xiv CONTENTS 



5. Flightless birds. Superorder Palaeognathae, 514; 6. Penguins. Superorder 

 Impennae, 515; 7. Modern birds. Superorder Neognathae, 516; 8. Tendencies 

 in the evolution of birds, 522 ; 9. Darwin's finches, 524 ; 1 o. Birds on other oceanic 

 islands, 530; 11. The development of variety of bird life, 532. 



XIX. THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS 



1. Classification, 533; 2. The characteristics of mammals, 534; 3. Mammals of 

 the Mesozoic, 536; 4. Mammal-like reptiles, Synapsida, 539; 5. Order *Pely- 

 cosauria (= Theromorpha), 540; 6. Order *Therapsida, 541; 7. Mammals from 

 the Trias to the Cretaceous, 545; 8. Original cusp-pattern of teeth of mammals, 

 548; 9. Egg-laying mammals. Subclass Prototheria (Monotremata), 549. 



XX. MARSUPIALS 



1. Marsupial characteristics, 557; 2. Classification of marsupials, 562; 3. Opos- 

 sums, 563; 4. Carnivorous marsupials, 565; 5. Marsupial ant-eaters and other 

 types, 566; 6. Phalangers, wallabies, and kangaroos, 566; 7. Significance of 

 marsupial isolation, 568. 



XXI. EVOLUTION OF PLACENTAL MAMMALS AND ITS RELATION 

 TO THE CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF THE 

 CENOZOIC 



1. Eutherians at the end of the Mesozoic, 569; 2. The end of the Mesozoic, 569; 

 3. Divisions and climates of the Tertiary Period, 571; 4. Geographical regions, 

 572; 5. The earliest eutherians, 574; 6. Definition of a eutherian (placental) mam- 

 mal) 575; 7- Evolutionary trends of eutherians, 575; 8. Conservative eutherians, 

 577; 9. Divisions and classification of Eutheria, 577. 



XXII. INSECTIVORES, BATS, AND EDENTATES 



1. Order 1. Insectivora, 581; 2. Order Chiroptera. Bats, 585; 3. Order Dermo- 

 ptera, 592; 4. Order Edentata, 592; 5. Armadillos, 595; 6. Ant-eaters and sloths, 

 597; 7. Order Pholidota: pangolins, 601. 



XXIII. PRIMATES 



1. Classification, 602; 2. Characters of primates, 603; 3. Divisions of the pri- 

 mates, 607; 4. Lemurs and lorises, 609; 5. Fossil Prosimians, 613; 6. Tarsiers, 

 614; 7. Characteristics of Anthropoidea, 617; 8. New World monkeys, Ceboidea, 

 620. 



XXIV. MONKEYS, APES, AND MEN 



1. Common origin of Old World monkeys, apes, and men, 623; 2. Old World 

 monkeys, Cercopithecoidea, 623; 3. The great apes: Pongidae, 626; 4. The 

 ancestry of man, 633; 5. Brain of apes and man, 633; 6. The posture and gait of 

 man, 634; 7. The limbs of man, 635; 8. The skull and jaws of man, 637; 9. Rate 

 of development of man, 640 ; 10. Growth of human populations, 641 ; 1 1 . Time of 

 development of the Hominidae, 641; 12. The Australopithecinae, 643; 13. Early 

 Hominids, *Pithecanthropus, 645; 14. Man, 646; 15. Human cultures, 648. 



XXV. RODENTS AND RABBITS 



1. Characteristics of rodent life, 652; 2. Classification, 653; 3. Order Rodentia, 

 654; 4. Order Lagomorpha, 660; 5. Fluctuations in numbers of mammals, 663. 



