XVIII 



THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BIRDS 



1. Classification 



Class Aves. 

 ^Subclass i. Archaeornithes. Jurassic 



*Archaeopteryx 

 Subclass 2. Neornithes 

 *Superorder i. Odontognathae. Cretaceous 



*Hesperomis; *Ichthyornis 

 Superorder 2. Palaeognathae. Ratites. Cretaceous-Recent 



Struthio; Rhea; Dromiceius; Casuarius; *Dinortiis; *Aepyornis; 

 Apteryx; Tinamus 

 Superorder 3. Impennae. Penguins. Eocene-Recent 



Spheniscus; Aptenodytes 

 Superorder 4. Neognathae. Cretaceous-Recent 

 Order 1. Gaviiformes. Loons 



Gavia, loon 

 Order 2. Colymbiformes. Grebes 



Colymbus (= Podiceps), grebe 

 Order 3. Procellariiformes. Petrels 



Fulmarus, petrel; Puffinus, shearwater; Diomedea, albatross 

 Order 4. Pelecaniformes. Cormorants, Pelicans, and Gannets 

 Phalacrocorax, cormorant; Pelecanus, pelican; Sida, gannet 

 Order 5. Ciconiiformes. Storks and Herons 



Ciconia, stork; Ardea, heron; Phoenicopterus, flamingo 

 Order 6. Anseriformes. Ducks 



Anas, duck; Cygnus, swan 

 Order 7. Falconiformes. Hawks 

 Falco, kestrel; Aquila, eagle; Buteo, buzzard; Neophron, vulture; 

 Milvus, kite 

 Order 8. Galliformes. Game birds 



Gallus, fowl; Phasianus, pheasant; Perdix, partridge; Lagopus, 

 grouse; Meleagris, turkey; Numida, guinea fowl; Pavo, pea- 

 cock; Opisthocomns, hoatzin 

 Order 9. Gruiformes. Rails 



FnJica, coot; Gallinula, moorhen; Crex, corn-crake; Grus, 

 crane; *Phororhacos; *Diatryma 



