B 



646 MAN xxiv. 13- 



however, a slight possibility that the fire, the instruments, and the 

 cannibalism were all the work of later invaders, of a still more human 

 type! The remains undoubtedly belonging to * Pithecanthropus all 

 come from the Far East, but some large jaws from the middle Pleisto- 

 cene of Algeria, named *Atlantropus, may be related. 



14. Man 



All the remaining finds are usually referred to the genus Homo. 



All living races of man are included in 

 a single species H. sapiens, but some of 

 the fossils are placed in other species, 

 H. heidelbergensis and H. neandertalensis. 

 The first of these is the name given to a 

 jaw of the first interglacial period. It is 

 of a very heavy type, rather like that of 

 * Pithecanthropus, but with a chin and 

 without a simian shelf. The teeth are not 

 far from the modern type. The true 

 position of this Heidelberg man is un- 

 certain and so therefore the age of the 

 genus Homo. Much more abundant 

 remains are found in the third inter- 

 glacial and last glacial period and are 

 referred to as Neanderthal man (Figs. 

 419 and 420). The brain-case was larger 

 than that of many modern men (nearly 

 1,600 c.c), but was long and low and 

 especially prominent behind. The brow 

 ridges are large, the face rather progna- 

 thous, and the chin present but receding. 

 The whole structure of the skull was 

 stouter than our own, with a thick 

 jugal bar, thick roof bones, and large 

 mandible. The teeth were larger than in modern man and the Y5 

 pattern is said to be frequent. The third molars were smaller than the 

 second, however. The foramen magnum pointed rather backwards 

 and it is possible that Neanderthal man did not walk fully upright. 

 Long cervical spines have been described, but these are very variable 

 and do not justify the reconstruction of these people as having a 

 slouching gait. 



Casts of the brain show that it differed in several ways from our 



Fig 

 the 



419. Comparisons between 

 geometric outlines of the 



skulls of: A. Modern European; 



B. *Homo neandertalensis (La Cha- 

 pelle); c. Chimpanzee. 



a. prosthion; b. basion; br. bregma; 

 ct. upper border of the cerebellum; 

 e. ephippion; fe. fossa ethmoidalis; 

 i. inion; /. lambda; w. nasion; 

 o. opisthion. (After Boule.) 



