648 MAN xxiv. 15 



15. Human cultures 



All of these early men were hunters, living apparently in small 

 families, in caves. They used fire, but their only known instruments 

 were of wood or stone. Chipped flints found from the time of the first 



Plioce 



roe 



QEOLOQICAL 

 PERIODS 



FOSSIL 



MEN 



ICE 



STONE 

 CULTURES 



CULTURE 

 PERIODS 



TIME in millions 

 of 1 years 



Lower 

 Pleistocene 



Pleistocene 

 MMc 



Pleistocene 



Recent 



Upper 

 Pleistocene 



PithecanrhropiLS " ' 

 Australopithecus 



1°?i° .SffiLSlL 



Neanderthal 



IpswichiaiiY}^.^^ Clactonian (hfT\§ Levalloisian 



Abbevillian Acheulian Mousterian 



10 



LOWER. PALEOLITHIC 



0-5 





IIS" 

 52to 



01 



Fig. 421. Diagram of Pleistocene time and some stages of human cultural evolution. 

 (After Howells, Mankind So Far, Doubleday and Co. Inc.) 



glaciation and following warm period are so crude as to be hardly 

 recognizable as artefacts and these 'eoliths' are said to be signs of a 

 pre-palaeolithic culture. More definitely shaped flints, used as axes, 

 are found during the second ice age, second interglacial, and third ice 

 advance and are referred to the lower Palaeolithic (Chellean and 

 Acheulian) stages. The third interglacial and last glacial period con- 

 stitute the middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian), with well-made flints, 

 probably produced by Neanderthal man. The making of tools is 

 therefore probably characteristic of the creatures we refer to the genus 

 Homo. This power may be connected with the capacity for communi- 

 cation by symbols that indicate abstractions, which marks off men 

 from animals more clearly than any other feature. The recession of the 

 last main glaciation began less than 100,000 years ago and at that time 



