7i8 ELEPHANTS xxix. 5-8 



* Pantolambda was about 3-4 ft long, with a long face and tricuspid 

 molars. The limbs were short and broad, and the pelvis very like that 

 of Phetiacodus . 



Later members of the group, such as *Coryphodon (Fig. 477), were 

 over 8 ft long and heavily built, with some formation of ridges on the 

 teeth, and feet with five digits; some had simple hoofs, others claws. 

 The brain was small and evidently these were clumsy creatures, suc- 

 cessful for a time in Europe, Asia, and America, but unable to com- 

 pete with later herbivores. 



6. *Order Dinocerata 



These were even larger animals, of the same general graviportal 

 build as the Pantodonta, and were previously classed with the latter 

 as Amblypoda. The two pairs of horns as well as nasal protuberances 

 and very large dagger-like canines provided weapons of defence. The 

 molars showed folds and ridges and provided a reasonably efficient 

 grinding battery. *Uintatherhim (Fig. 477) was a typical Eocene form; 

 even though the brain was small and the gait clumsy, the animals were 

 evidently successful at the time, and reached a size as great as that 

 achieved by any other land mammals except the elephants. 



7. *Order Pyrotheria 



*Pyrotherium and its allies (Fig. 477) were Eocene and Oligocene 

 South American ungulates and they are usually classed with Notoungu- 

 lata, but more for geographical than phylogenetic reasons. They were 

 remarkably similar to elephants, for instance in their large size and in 

 the dorsal nostril, suggesting the presence of a trunk. The incisors 

 were developed into tusks and the molar teeth carried two transverse 

 rows of cusps, as in bilophodont early proboscidians. The similarities 

 of the two groups are striking, but they probably indicate only com- 

 mon early ungulate derivation and provide another instance of 

 convergence. 



8. *Order Embrithopoda 



*Arsinoitherium from the Lower Oligocene of Egypt was another 

 large creature that may be placed here. Its limbs resembled those of 

 elephants, with five semi-plantigrade digits. There was a pair of 

 enormous nasal horns, with a keratinous covering like that of rumin- 

 ants, also smaller frontal horns. There was a regular tooth row, with 

 no enlargement of the incisors or canines and hypsodont molars. 



