Motor System — Muscles and Skeleton 



107 



Fig. 102. A diagram of the vertebrate skeleton. Membrane-bones are shown in 

 black, cartilage-bones stippled. (Courtesy, Neal and Rand: "Chordate Anatomy," 

 Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company.) 



Fig. 103. (Left) Diagrams of (.4, B) fish vertebrae and (C) vertebra from higher 

 groups, (bs) Basal stumps; (c) centrum; (ch) capitular head of rib; (d) diapophysis; 

 (ha) hemal arch; (hr) hemal rib; (n) notochord; (no) neural arch; (ns) neural spine; 

 (p) parapophysis; (r) rib; (t) tubercular head. 



(Right) Two caudal vertebrae of the alligator, (c) Centrum; (ha) hemapophysis; 

 (hs) hemal spine; (na) neurapophysis; (ns) neural spine; (poz, prz) post- and 

 prezygapophyses; (0 transverse process. The arrow passes through the neural 

 arch. (Courtesy, Kingsley: "Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates," Philadelphia, 

 The Blakiston Company.) 



Fig. 104. Diagrammatic sagittal sections of (A) amphicoelous, (B) procoelous, 

 (C) opisthocoelous, and (D) amphiplatyan vertebrae. Anterior is at the left. Cut 

 surfaces are obliquely lined. (Courtesy, Kingsley: "Comparative Anatomy of 

 Vertebrates," Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company.) 



