132 



Basic Structure of Vertebrates 



SUPRASCAPULAi 

 SCAPULA' 



t-OMOSTERNUM 



CLAVICLEy 



ACROMION — 



EPIPHYSIS 



OF CLAVICLEt INTER- 



1 .CLAVICULAR 



; 'ligament 



HUMERUS 

 ^PRECORACOID 





-EPICORACOID 



LIGAMENT 



\ ; -p-STERNUM 



/&SSA STERNUM 

 ^SCAPULA S"*™** 



Fig. 125. Diagrams illustrating the fundamental similarity of the human (B) 

 and amphibian (A) pectoral girdle. In man the coracoid element has degenerated 

 into a process (coracoid) and a connective-tissue ligament containing occasional 

 cartilage nodules. (After Huntington. Courtesy, Neal and Band: "Chordate 

 Anatomy," Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company.) 



containing 5 elongated bones lying between the wrist and the digits 

 (fingers), of which the normal maximum number is 5. Similarly, in 

 the pes there is a tarsus (ankle) consisting of 9 or 10 bones, a middle 

 region containing 5 metatarsals, and distally the 5 digits (toes). 

 The digits consist of varying numbers of short bones jointed together, 

 the phalanges. The digits are indicated by numbers, the first in the 

 manus being on the side corresponding in position to the radius, and 

 known as the pollex (thumb) . In the pes the first digit is on the tibial 

 side of the foot and is known as the hallux ("great toe"). The carpal 



2 Sacral vertebrae 



Fig. 126. Pelvic girdle of turtle. (A) Left lateral view. (B) Ventral view. 



