Gastrophryne carolinensis 475 



27 mm. for two year olds, 25 or 27 mm.-3i mm. for three year olds. Possibly 

 the 32-36 mm. specimens should be three year olds, making that group 

 27-36 mm. 



ENEMIES 



On June 5, 191 2, we took one garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) which 

 had eaten this species. 



AUTUMNAL DISAPPEARANCE 



Our records range from March to September. In the U.S.N.M. collec- 

 tions we find none taken after September. Surely this species must remain 

 out until November at least. 



AFFINITIES 



Holbrook describes this species in 1836 (p. 83). Later Dumeril and Bibron 

 describes another form E. rugosum (1841, p. 744) which today is accredited 

 to G. carolinense. Holbrook in his second edition (1842, Vol. V, p, 25) rather 

 testily writes: "Dumeril and Bibron describe an Engystoma rugosa as inhab- 

 itating the United States, and suppose that I have confounded it with the 

 Engystoma carolinense. Now I never saw their Engystoma rugosa, and if I 

 had, should never have mistaken it for the Engystoma carolinense, which has 

 a smooth skin. The only ecaudate batrachian animal, with which I am 

 acquainted, resembling an Engystoma in form and size, is the Bufo quercicus; 

 but this is a true toad, with parotid glands, warty skin, etc., whereas all the 

 genus Engystoma, as I received it, have smooth skins and no parotid glands. 

 Their Engystoma rugosa is probably a Mexican animal, as they say it came 

 from 'des parties meridionales de FAmerique du Nord.' " 



In May, 1854, C. Girard (1856, p. 88) writes: "15 Engystoma rugosum 

 Dum. and B. erp. gen. VIII, 1841, 744. Said to occur in the same regions 

 as the preceding species {carolinensis). Have never observed it, and there- 

 fore cannot endorse it as a North American species." 



Hallowell (1856, p. 252) because the Academy specimens and Holbrook's 

 plate of E. carolinensis appear brown or chestnut above and his lone specimen 

 from Nebraska and Kansas appears olive, described a new form, Engystoma 

 olivaceum. Furthermore he held Holbrook gives the distribution of E. caro- 

 linense as from Charleston to the lower Mississippi valley. 



In 1859 (pp. 169, 170) Chas. Girard described Engystoma texense, "This 

 species is allied to E. carolinense, and differs from it by a more depressed and 

 flattened head, a more truncated snout, which, as usual, protrudes beyond 

 the lower jaw. The body itself is Hkewise more depressed, and the limbs 

 assume a slender appearance. 



"The head is continuous with the body, and constitutes about the third 

 of their combined length. The cleft of the mouth does not extend as far back 

 as in E. carolinense, since it corresponds to a perpendicular line drawn behind 

 the pupil. The longitudinal diameter of the eye is equal to the distance 

 between the orbit and the nostril. The interocular space, measured across 



