ARCTIC S. S. "ROOSEVELT" 363 



not break through these floes, and in squeezing around 

 them the Ermack could not carry enough coal to take 

 her half-way to the Pole. 



To return to the hull model. In the Fram every- 

 thing was sacrificed to secure certainty of lifting under 

 pressure. In the Gauss, which is a modified Fram, 

 while the broad beam of the Fram (thirty-six feet) 

 w^as retained, greater length was given the ship to 

 render her a better sea boat for the long voyage from 

 Germany to the Antarctic Circle. Her ratio is i to 4.25 

 as compared with the Frames i to 3.25. The Gauss's 

 draft, however, is excessive (nineteen feet). 



As already noted, great draft is a disadvantage in 

 the region under consideration, and every increase 

 in beam makes impassable leads which otherwise 

 would be available, and greatly increases the power 

 required and the difficulties of pushing a way through 

 loose ice. 



The Englisn Discovery was ouilt, as was to be ex- 

 pected, on the lines of the Scotch whalers, with a little 

 broader beam. Her ratio is i to 5.27. Her draft is 

 a little less than that of the whalers. She was not 

 specially modelled to rise under pressure, but was 

 specially constructed (as the Fram and Gauss were 

 not) for ramming a way through opposing ice. 



The model selected for the Roosevelt was intended 

 to meet the requirements of lifting under pressure, 

 of being short enough to handle easily, and of being 

 able to ram a passage through heavy ice effectively and 

 continuously. 



Detailed features of these requirements are as follows: 



For lifting under pressure, steel-sheathed sides, 



