ARCTIC S. S. "ROOSEVELT" 371 



fastening, as noted above; the unusual and massive 

 arrangement of the beams, and bracing of the sides 

 to resist pressure; the introduction of screw tie rods 

 to bind the ship together; the development of the 

 'tween-deck beams and waterways on a water line, 

 instead of on a sheer, like the upper-deck beams; the 

 placing of the ceiling continuous from sister keelson 

 to upper-deck clamps, and the placing of the 'tween- 

 deck waterways, deck clamps, and the bilge strakes 

 on top of the ceiling; the filling in of the bow almost 

 solid where it meets the impact of the ice ; the massive 

 and unusual reinforcement of the rudder post to pre- 

 vent twisting; the adoption of a lifting rudder, which 

 may be raised out of danger from contact with the ice ; 

 the armouring of the stem and bows with heavy plates 

 of steel; the protection of the outer planking with 

 a 2-inch course of greenheart ice sheathing. 



Peculiarities of rig are : pole masts throughout ; very 

 short bowsprit, which can be run inboard when navigat- 

 ing in ice of considerable elevation; three-masted 

 schooner rig with large balloon staysails. The Roose- 

 velt carries fourteen sails, including storm staysails, 

 and has a sail area somewhat less than that of a three- 

 masted coasting schooner of the same size. 



Peculiarities of the machinery installation are: a com- 

 pound engine of massive construction; an vmusually 

 heavy shaft of forged steel 1 2 inches in diameter ; a mas- 

 sive propeller 11 feet in diameter, but with blades 

 of large area, which are detachable in case of injury; 

 a triple boiler battery; arrangements for admitting 

 live steam to the low-pressure cylinder, in order to 

 largely increase the power for a limited time; an 



