lizards, and of hares and dogs are either incorrect or refer to 

 a different species of tick, most probably H. marginatimi.7 A. 

 Sergent (1930) noted a nymph of H. detritiaT parasitizing another 

 nymph of the same species. Host's of specimens in British Museum 

 (Natural History) are domestic cattle and camels (Palestine) , 

 domestic buffalo and pony (India), hare (India), and deer 

 (Romania). 



"H. scupense " attacks the same hosts as H. detritum . It 

 has also been found on the Persian or goitred gazelle ,' ~Gazella 

 subgutterosa , and on the red deer, Cervus elaphus bactrianus 

 (Pomerantzev 1950). In the Crimean National Forest (.Melnikova 

 1953), "H. scupense " is common on red deer and occurs in smaller 

 numbers on roe deer. It is present but not common on hares but 

 absent on squirrels and jays. Wild foxes may also be attacked. 

 Domestic cattle are heavily infested, collections from single 

 animals in various localities in and near the forest averaging 

 from 78 to 756 ticks, with individual maxima ranging from 350 

 to 5000 ticks per animal. Domestic pigs in the same forest 

 averaged 21 ticks per host. Zolotarev (1934.) listed this tick 

 (as H. volgense ) from camels. 



BIOLOGY 



Intro dvict ion 



Because of the interesting biological and taxonomic prin- 

 ciples involved, separate reviews of life cycle and ecology are 

 devoted to H. detritum and "H. scupense " . H. detritum is a two- 

 host species whose adults feed in -the summer and whose nymphs 

 ■undergo an extensive winter diapause; this feature is common 

 throughout the range of H. detritum though the overwintering 

 habits in Algeria and (usually j in Russia differ markedlyj it 

 shovild be determined what factors account for this variation in 

 habits. H. scupense is confined to parts of the Soviet Union and 

 possibly "^o Greece and Yvigoslavia; it is said to be distinguishable 

 from H. detritim by slight morphological differences throiigh parts of 

 its geographic range (see IDENTIFICATION below), and is a one-host 



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