Pomerantzev (1950) notes that in I'liddle Asia, (overwintering) 

 nymphs may be found tinder cattle diing (stored for fuel), and also 

 in the walls of stables (Pavlovsky). Metamorphosis from nymph to 

 adult may occur in buildings and stables thus increasing the 

 importance of the species in the spread of disease. 



Life Cycle of "H. scupense " 



Knuth, Behn, and Schulze (1918, p. 25A) first noted, in their 

 studies of tick- borne diseases in Greece, that "H. scupense " is a 

 single-host tick. 



According to Pomerantzev (1950), "H. scupense " (which occurs 

 in the Kxirsk and Saratov areas, lower Volga, Ukrainia, Crimea, 

 Caucasus, Kazakh, Tadzhik, and Yugoslavia, Central Asia, and the 

 rayon of Kogen) is a single-host tick. Adults appear in the 

 vanter from January to April and rarely until June, Larvae 

 feed in November, nymphs from November to March. 



In the laboratory (Markov, Abramov, auad Dzasokhov 19^0, as 

 H. volgense ), females begin to oviposit from U5 to 85 days after 

 Teaving the host and continue to lay eggs for thirty days. Larvae 

 hatch from U5 to ninety days after commencing oviposition and en- 

 gorge in six or seven days. They molt to nymphs on the host, com- 

 mence feeding after several days, and feed for four to six days. 

 Nymphs molt to adults, on the same host, ten days afterwards. 



In nature, unfed larvae begin to attack cattle in October 

 and molt to the nymphal stage during the same month. The maximum 

 number of nymphs are found in December, when young adults begin 

 to appear. Adults move to different parts of the host and pass 

 the winter on the host. Adults commence feeding early in March. 

 Early in April large numbers of adiilts leave the hosts. Oviposi- 

 tion and development of the eggs occurs during the summer. 

 ^Note the long summer period of oviposition and embryological 

 development, whereas the larval and nymphal development is rapid_^ 

 Unfed adialts and fed nymphs may undergo a winter diapause. Some 

 engorged nymphs that do not molt remain attached to the host until 

 February. From December to March, adults wander over the host's 

 body but do not start feeding till early spring. The cycle re- 

 quires one year. 



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