"H. scupense " by Oswald (1938A). It is characterized by secre- 

 tion of drops of serous liquid over the entire body surface. 

 In one or two days, papules appear, followed by desquamation 

 and later becoming scabby. The same author (1938B) described 

 a toxin in the eggs of "H. scupense" ♦ 



DISEASE RELATIONS 



MAN: "H. scupense " (= H. volgense ), harbors PastTirella pestos, 

 the causative organism of pl'ague, for several days after feeding 

 on an infected animal and can transmit the bacteria by biting 

 another animal; its feces also contains virulent organisms. 



"H. scupense " appears to be of negligible importance in the 

 sustaining of certain Soviet foci of tularemia. 



H. detritum is considered by Soviet workers to be a possible 

 vector of Uzbekistan hemorrhagic fever (virus). 



In North Africa and in Uzbekistan, H. detritum is a natural 

 reservoir of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii )7 and the organism is 

 transmitted from stage to stage of the tick and throvigh the eggs 

 to the subsequent generation. 



CATTLE ; H. detritum is an important vector of theileriasis 

 (Theileria dispar and T. annulata ) . "H. scupense " is also a 

 vector of theileriasis "and a carrier of"~brucellosis (Brucella 

 spp.). 



HORSES ; H. detritum is a vector of eqtiine piroplasmosis 

 (Nuttallia equi) and possibly of Nuttallia minor. 



IDENTIFICATION 



The following remarks are based on typical specimens of H. 

 detritum collected in Morocco, Egypt, the Sudan, Txirkey, sout'R- 

 eastern Eiirope, and Russia. Remarks on variations are based on 

 Iranian specimens determined definitely as H. detritum by Delpy, 

 and on Middle and Far Eastern specimens in "^he Schulze collection. 



- U6- 



