work, he illustrated a cross section of the scutiim (of "H. lusita - 

 nicum ") and compared it with that of A. cohaerens . 



Gynandromorphs and malformed specimens of this species have 

 been described and illustrated (as H. savignyi ; Pavlovsky 1940) 

 by Pervomaisky (1950) . A gynandronmrph of H. excavattim (= H. 

 savignyi ) has been described by Feldman-Muh'sam (1950^ but *" 

 C ampana-Rouget (1950) considers this to be an "intersexue" (see 

 also Chabaud and Choquet 1953). An abnormal male (as H. kumari ) 

 has been illustrated by Sharif (19^0). 



The rate of growth and comparative differences among those 

 morphological parts that are either similar or different between 

 the two sexes of this tick have been studied by Chabavid and Cho- 

 quet (1953). Cuticle growth has been mentioned by Lees (1952, 

 as H. savignyi ) . 



Campaniform sense organs have been briefly described (Das- 

 gupta 1955). 



Specimens ftom Kenya, identified as H. anatolicum , were 

 iised by Yalvac (1939) to describe features of development of 

 the adult stage in nymphs. 



DISEASE RELATIONS 



KAN ; The virus of Uzbekistan hemorrhagic fever has been 

 isolated from H. excavatum (= H. anatolicum ) in Soviet Central 

 Asia, where this tick appears to be at least an important 

 nattiral reservoir if not a vector. Experimental work with H. 

 excavatum (= H. turkmeniense ) indicates, for the virus of 

 Russian spring- svmnner encephalitis, transmission by bite and 

 transovarial transmission, and the same for the virus of Japa- 

 nese (mosquito- borne) endephalitis except that transmission by 

 biting was not obtained. These viruses, as well as that of 

 Russian (mosquito- borne) encephalitis, persist for many months 

 in infected ticks. 



H. excavatum is commonly found infected with the rickettsiae 

 of Q Tever (Coxiella burnetii) in North Africa, southern Europe, 



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