hedgehogs, was due to larvae remaining entangled among the spines. 

 This is, however, probably the typical life cycle in nature. 



Nuttall summarized his findings as follows: 



PERId) DAYS 



Preoviposition 6 



Oviposition to hatching 35 (eggs at 18°C.) 



Larval prefeeding period 7 



Larva feeds 6 



Premolting period l6 (larvae at 19°C . ) 



Nymphal prefeeding period 7 



Nymph feeds 6 



Premolting period 20 (nymphs at 18°C . ) 



Adult prefeeding period 7 



Adult (female) on host 6 



Total 116 



This period Nuttall believed to be the shortest time required 

 for completion of the life cycle. From 4-300 to 15500 eggs were 

 laid by single females; the higher number probably approximates 

 the more common figure in nature. Females may remain alive as 

 long as 26 days after oviposition; males live much longer. The 

 longevity of the various stages, presumably unfed, in these ex- 

 periments was 34-5 days for larvae, 89 days for nymphs, and over 

 A21 days for some adults. Hosts were hedgehogs, guinea pigs, 

 and rams. 



Subsequently, Nuttall (1915) noted that some adults were 

 still alive 759 days after emerging. Females that had fasted 

 for 817 days were fed on a ram, mated with males that had fasted 

 over 210 days, and were ovipositing when the report was written. 

 Three times as many females (253) as males (83) were counted in 

 the progeny of a single female. 



Four years later, Nuttall (1919) observed that males may 

 remain attached to one spot of the host for as long as 122 days. 

 More commonly, however, after preliminary feeding for periods 

 ranging from five to 29 days, they start wandering about in search 

 of females. After mating, when females leave the host, males do 



