stematic 

 soundings. 



Berryman. 



OCEANOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS 9 



samples procured were examined and described by Bailey and romtaies 

 by Pourtales, the results being of great importance and interest. 



Systematic soundings in the North Atlantic were commenced Sy 

 by Lee in the U.S.S. "Dolphin" in 1851-52, and continued in 

 the same vessel by Berryman in 1852-53. In 1856 Berryman 

 on the U.S.S. "Arctic" sounded across the North Atlantic 

 from Newfoundland to Ireland, with the object of verifying the 

 existence of a submarine ridge, along which it was proposed to 

 lay a telegraph cable ; his deposit-samples were described by 

 Bailey. 



In 1857 Pullen and Dayman in H.M.S. "Cyclops" ran a ruiien and 

 line of soundings along the great circle from Ireland to ^^y"''^"- 

 Newfoundland, a little to the north of Berryman's line. A 

 modification of Brooke's sounding-machine was used, in which 

 the spherical weight was replaced by a cylindrical one suspended 

 by wire instead of cord, and with a different valve for 

 collecting the deposit. The deposit-samples were examined 

 and described by Huxley, who found in the bottles a viscous Huxley, 

 substance, described by him as BatJiybms, which was subse- Bathybins. 

 quently shown by the "Challenger" observers to be a chemical 

 precipitate thrown down from the sea-water associated with the 

 deposits by the alcohol used in their preservation. 



In 1858 Dayman in H.M.S. " Gorgon " sounded across the Dayman. 

 North Atlantic from Newfoundland to the Azores, and thence 

 to the south-west of England. 



In i860 Sir Leopold M'Clintock on board H.M.S. M'Ciintock 

 "Bulldog" surveyed the route for the telegraph cable between ^"'^ ^^ ^iii^h. 

 England and America, in the region previously sounded by 

 Berryman and Dayman. He was accompanied by G. C. Wallich, 

 who published in 1862 an interesting account of the very 

 important observations he made during the cruise on life in 

 deep water and on the deposits covering the floor of the 

 North Atlantic. 



In i860 a teleo^raph cable laid alone: the bed of the Animals 

 Mediterranean gave way at a depth of 1200 fathoms, and was subnmrine° 

 raised for repair by Fleeming Jenkin, who brought up to the cable. 

 surface portions of the cable about forty miles in length, to 

 which living organisms were found attached. Corals were 

 growing on the cable at the place where it broke in 1200 

 fathoms, and other forms were adhering to the cable where 

 it had lain in lesser depths, including molluscs, worms, bryozoa, 

 alcyonarians, and hydroids, thus establishing beyond all doubt 



