OCEANOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS 15 



From 1886 to 1889 the Russian steamer " Vitiaz," under 

 Makaroff, made a voyage round the world, during which 

 valuable observations on the temperature and specific gravity 

 of the waters of the North Pacific were made, and in 1890 

 Russian scientists, notably Lebedinzeff and Andrusoff, investi- 

 gated the physical and biological conditions in the deep water 

 of the Black Sea. 



In 1889 a German expedition on board the S.S. " National" 



was despatched to the 



The "Vitiaz.'" 

 Makarofi'. 



Lebedinzeff 

 and Andrusoff 



Observations 

 in Black Sea. 



The 



'• National. 



Plankton 

 Expedition. 



Professor Victor Hensen. 



North Atlantic, with the 

 special object of study- 

 ing the plankton (hence 

 called the Plankton Ex- 

 pedition) by improved 

 methods, under the 

 direction of Victor 

 Hensen, who was ac- 

 companied by several 

 other scientific men. 



From 1 890 till 1898 

 the Austrian steamer 

 " Pola " made observa- 

 tions in the Mediter- 

 ranean and the Red 

 Sea, the chemical work 

 being in the hands of 

 Natterer, whopublished Natterer, 

 someinterestingresults. 



In 1890 systematic 

 observations in the 

 North Sea and adjacent 

 waters were commenced 

 by Swedish investiga- 

 tors under Otto Petters- 



The " Pc 



son and Gustav Ekman, important results as to temperature, 

 salinity, alkalinity, currents, gases, and plankton being achieved, 

 a summary of which was published by Pettersson in English.^ 



During the years 1893 to 1896 Nansen made his remarkable 

 drift on board the " Fram " across the North Polar Sea, during 

 which valuable oceanographical observations were taken, his 

 soundings tending to prove that the position of the North Pole 

 is occupied not by land but by a deep sea, as Murray had 



1 Scott. Geogr. Mag., vol. x., 1S94. 



O. Pettersson 



and 



G. Ekman. 



Nansen's drift 

 in the 

 " Fram.'" 



