466 



DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN 



perfectly happily with true land-animals, such 

 as centipedes and woodlice, in places that 

 were very rarely covered by the sea, so that 

 they had to depend upon the slight moisture 

 retained beneath the stones ; individuals 

 found living under these conditions on being 



Fig. 324. 

 Cardiiim cdule, L. 



transferred directly to sea-water showed not 

 the least sign of being inconvenienced by 

 the sudden change. Another equally com- 

 mon sandhopper ( Gaminartis locusta, see Fig. 



Fig. 326. 

 Gammarus locusta, L. (After Bate and \\'estvvood. ) 



326) is also a littoral form, but it never quits 

 the sea for any length of time. 



Unexposed 

 area. 



Laminaria 

 belt. 



In the unexposed portion of the littoral 

 zone of the skerries we may distinguish four 

 "facies": (i) Laminaria belt, (2) Zostera 

 belt, {3) hard bottom, and (4) sand. 



The Laminaria belt begins immediately 

 below the fucoids, and alone the west coast of 



Fig. 325. 

 Arenicola piscatorum, L. 



