REPORT ON THE SPHENISCID^. 49 



The upiDer ends of the radius and ulna are connected together by means of a strong 

 dorsal as also by a weak palmar ligament, both of which pass transversely between 

 these bones. 



The wrist joint is provided with two internal and a single external lateral ligament. 

 The internal bgaments are attached above to the distal ends of the radius and ulna 

 respectively, and below to the inner side of the proximal end of the great metacarpal 

 bone. The external ligament extends from the distal end of the radius above to the 

 proximal extremity of the metacarpal bone below. 



The ulnar carpal bone is attached to the distal ends of both the radius and ulna by 

 means of a single stout ligamentous band, and by a broad aponeurotic slip to the whole 

 length of the third metacarpal bone. 



The metacarpo-phalangeal articulation is provided with two external and two 

 internal lateral ligaments, which pass from the distal ends of the metacarpal bones to 

 the inner and outer surfaces of the first phalanges of the second and third fingers 

 respectively. 



The first and second phalanges of the second finger are connected together by 

 strong internal and external lateral ligaments. The first phalanx of the second is 

 moreover attached to the whole length of that of the third finger by a stout interosseous 

 membrane. 



Ligaments of the Leg. 



The ligaments connecting the bones of the leg in the Penguin difi'er less from those of 

 other birds than do those of the wing. 



The hip joint is provided with capsular and round ligaments which resemble those of 

 other birds. 



In relation to the knee joint there are two very powerful lateral ligaments — an 

 external and an internal. The former passes between the outer condyle of the femur 

 and the head of the fibula, while the latter is attached above to the inner condyle of the 

 femur and below to the inner side of the shaft of the tibia, a short distance below the 

 upper end of that bone. In addition to these, there is an extremely short anterior 

 ligament or ligamentum patellae which attaches the patella to the anterior border of the 

 upper end of the tibia. 



On opening the knee joint the interval between the heads of the tibia and fibula is 

 seen to be occupied by a wedge-shaped mass of cartilage, the broad end of which is 

 directed upwards. This cartilaginous plate is firmly fixed to the head of the fibula, but 

 glides freely on the lateral surface of the head of the tibia, so that a limited amount of 

 rotation is permissible between the heads of these two bones. This piece of cartilage is 

 moreover continuous with the anterior horn of a well-developed semilunar cartilage which 

 intervenes between the inner condyle of the femur and the head of the tibia. 



(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP. — PART XVIII. — 18S3.) S 7 



