52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



of the muscles described by these authors, and the fact that at the time their monograph 

 appeared I had almost completed my myological observations on all the species in my 

 hands, justify me in adhering to my original plan. 



I have therefore chosen as my type Eudyptes chrysocome from Tristan d'Acunha, 

 a full account of the muscular anatomy of which appears in the following pages. The 

 designation of each muscle is accompanied by a list of synonyms employed by the 

 various standard writers on avian anatomy. After the description of each muscle, I have 

 added only such "relations" as appear to me to be necessary to enable future workers to 

 identify without difficulty the muscle to which they refer. Under the heading 

 " variations " are given the results of a comparison of the muscle in question of Eudyptes 

 chrysocome with that of other species which I have examined. In the case of those 

 muscles in which no "variations" are recorded, the reader wUl understand that the 

 muscle presented a similar arrangement in every species. Lastly, the " remarks " contain 

 a summary of the observations of other authors who have previously examined one or 

 other species of Penguin. 



The subjoined list contains the names and papers of the authors by whom the 

 synonyms appended to each muscle have been employed : — 



1. CuviEE, Legons d'Anatomie Comparee, 1800. 



2. Gaeeod, On certain muscles of the thigh of birds and tlieir value in classification. Proc. Zuol. Soc. 



Lond., 1873, p. 626. 



3. Gervai.s and Alix, Ost^ologie et Myologie des Manchots. Journal de Zoologie, torn vi., 1877. 



4. Herissant, Observations anatomiques sur les mouvements du bee des oiseaux. Memoires de V Academic, 



des Sciences, Paris, 1748, p. 345. 



5. Heosinger, Zootomische Analekten, Ueber einige Besonderheiten des Eulenfliigels. Meckel's Deutsches 



ArcMv fiir die Physiologie, vol. vii., 1822. 



6. Meckel, J. F., Traite g^n^ral dAnatomie Comparee. Trciduit par Peister et Sanson, Paris, 1828. 



7. Mereem, Blasius, Fliigelmuskeln des weisskopfigen Adlors. Vcnnischtc AhJuuidlunijcn aus der Thier- 



gescMchte, 1781. 



8. OwEy, On the Apteryx Australis. Prnc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842, p. 22. 



9. Keid, Anatomical description of the Patagonian Penguin {Ajjtenodytes patachonica, Forst). Proc. Zool. 



Soc. Lond., 1835, part 3, p. 132. 



10. RoLLESTON, On the homologies of certain muscles connected with the shoulder joint. Trans. Linn. Soc, 



vol. xxvi. p. 609. 



11. Selenka, Bronn's Classen uud Ordnungen des Thierreichs, Bd. vi., " Aves." 



12. Schoepss, Beschreibung der Fliigelmuskeln der Vogel. MeclceVs Archiv fiir Anutomie und Physiologie, 



1829. 



1 3. TiEDEMANN, Anatomie und Naturgeschiohte der Yogel. Zoologie, Bd. ii. 



14. VicQ d'Aztr, Jlemoires pour servir a I'anatomie des Oiseaux. Histuire de VAcademie royale des Sciences, 



Paris, 1772-73-74. 



15. WiEDEMANX, Von den Muskein des Schwans. Archiv fiir Zoologie und Zootomie, Bd. ii., Stiick 2. 



