EEPORT ON THE SPHENISCIDiE. 70 



from the third rib, while in Pi/gosceles tceniatus, Spheniscus magellanicus, and Spheniscus 

 minor, the muscle arose by two digitations, one of which was attached to the second, the 

 other to the third and fourth ribs. 



Remarks. — Schoepss found this muscle in the Penguin attached to " the outer surfaces 

 of the posterior false ribs, and to the lower portion of the first true rib." Accordino- to 

 Gervais and Alix, in Eudyptes chrysolophus it arises from the third and fourth ribs as 

 above enumerated. 



5. Levator scapulw. 



Der Anzieher des Schulterblattes, Merrem, p. 154, Xo. 11. 

 Der ohere Ri2ipensdmlterlilattinuskel, Wiedemann, p. 87. 

 Levator scMpuhv, Tiedemann, p. 303, No. 4. 

 L'eleuateur de Vepaule, Meckel, vol. vi. p. 24, No. 3. 

 Der Seh'idterheher, Schoepss, p. 97, No. 10. 

 Levator scrqmlce, Selenka, vol. vi. p 109, No. 34. 

 L' angulaire, Gervais and Alix, p. 20 



Attachments. — The levator scapulae consists of three distinct plates of muscle, which 

 arise from the outer surfaces of the second, thiixl, and fourth ribs. The first or fore- 

 most plate is attached to the second rib, close to the extremity of the transverse process, 

 with which it articulates, while the succeeding plates are attached to the respective 

 ribs nearer and nearer to the sternum. The plates pass backwards, lying parallel to one 

 another, and are inserted together into the posterior third of the costal surface of the 

 scapula, close to its vertebral border. 



Action. — This muscle draws the scapula forwards and upwards towards the vertebral 

 column. 



Relations. — The muscle is concealed by the rhomboid muscle and by the scapula. It 

 rests upon the ribs and intercostal muscles. 



Nerve supply. — A branch from the nerve which supplies the rhomboid and trapezius 

 muscles. 



Variations. — In Eudyptes chrysocome from Kerguelen, as vv^ell as in Pygosceles 

 tcBniatus, this muscle consists of four distinct muscular plates, which arise from the second, 

 third, fourth, and fifth ribs. In Aptenodytes longirostris the muscle is attached to four 

 ribs by means of three digitations. Of these the first arises from the second rib, the 

 second from the third and fourth ribs, and the third from the fifth rib. In Spheniscus 

 minor the muscle arises by means of three digitations which are attached to the first, 

 second, and third ribs. In Spheniscus demersus the muscle is inserted into the middle 

 third of the costal surface of the scapula, and not into the posterior third as in the other 

 species examined. 



Remarks. — According to Schoepss, this muscle arises from the transverse processes of 

 the first and second dorsal vertebrae, as weU as from the posterior border of the second 



