REPORT ON THE SPHENISCIDyE. 169 



bony canal, close to the anterior margin of the orbit. By means of this canal the duct of 

 the nasal gland is conducted to the nasal fossa, into which it opens close to the orifice of 

 the lachrymal duct. In A2Jtenodytes the nasal orifices of these two ducts are situated 

 one inch in front of the anterior margin of the orbital cavity. According to Owen,^ the 

 nasal gland in the Albatross and Penguin is provided with two or three ducts. So far 

 as the Penguins are concerned, I have only been able to find a single duct to the nasal 

 gland in every species which I have examined. 



The Eyeball. — As regards the eyeball itself, it may be observed that the sclerotic coat 

 in all the Penguins is provided with well-developed ossified plates, and that the choroidal 

 pecten is of large size, conical in form, and provided with numerous plications. 



VI.— SPLANCHNOLOGY. 



Before proceeding to describe the viscera, it may be as well to sketch the position 

 which they occupy in the cavity of the thorax and abdomen. On opening these cavities, 

 and without farther dissection, the viscera are seen to be arranged as follows (PI. XVI. 

 fig. 9). In the middle line is the heart, covered by the pericardium, the apex of the 

 organ being accommodated in a depression bounded on either side by the apical portion 

 of each hepatic lobe. In front of the heart are the terminal portions of the trachea and 

 oesophagus, and on either side of the viscus are the right and left lungs. Behind the 

 heart and lungs is the liver, which occupies the entire breadth of the abdominal cavity. 

 Posterior to the left hepatic lobe is the stomach, and behind the right are a number of 

 the coils of the small intestine. Lying in the interval between the intestinal coils on 

 the right and the stomach on the left, is the elongated gall bladder, which in the 

 Penguins reaches nearly as far as the cloaca. The posterior extremity of the abdominal 

 cavity is occupied by the large globular cloaca and by the anal passage. 



The urinary and genital organs have their usual position immediately below, and in 

 contact with the vertebral column. 



DIGESTIVE OEGANS. 



The digestive organs of one or other species of Penguin have been described by Eeid' 

 in the case oi Aptenodytes patachonica, Forst., and by Garnot^ in that of Aptenodytes 

 demersa. Meckel,* moreover, refers to these organs in certain members of the group, 

 but omits to particularise the species which he examined. Consequently, his observations, 



' Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. ii. p. 144. 

 = Proc. Zool. See, 1835, pt. iii. p. 147. 



' Remarques sur la zoologie dea iles Malouines, AnBales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 1826, torn. vii. p. 53. 

 * Anatomie Comparee, vol. viii. 

 (zool. chall. EXP. — PART XVIII. — 1883.) S 22 



