186 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



that in three out of four specimens of Aptenodytes longirostris, the proventricular gland 

 presented precisely the same form, it seems to me that the presence in the fourth speci- 

 men of a proventricular gland of a different form must be regarded as an individual 

 peculiarity. The muscular portion of the stomach of Aptenodytes, except in size, agrees 

 with that of Eudyptes chrysocome. The intestine comes off from the right margin of the 

 viscus, its commencement being defended by a valve-like fold of mucous membrane. 



In one specimen of Aptenodytes longirostris the stomach contained a quantity of 

 spines belonging to a species of Spatangus, together with a number of small stones. In 

 a second specimen the stomach was filled with a pulpy mass, through which a number 

 of small stones were distributed. The largest of these stones measured ^ an inch in 

 diameter, but did not exceed xjrth of an inch in thickness. A large number of lenses, 

 which may have belonged either to fish or to cephalopods, was also extracted from the 

 pulp. 



The Small Intestine. 



The small intestine in every species of Penguin which I have dissected comes off 

 from the anterior (ventral) surface of the muscular portion of the stomach. It is 

 arranged in two groups of concentric coils. Of these the larger group (PL XVI. fig. 9) is 

 superficially placed, and comes into view immediately on opening the cavity of the 

 abdomen. It occupies the right half of that cavity, and lies between the posterior 

 surface of the right lobe of the liver in front and the right margin of the stomach behind 

 and to the left. The second or smaller group is not exposed until after the removal of 

 the stomach, above which it lies. It occupies the middle portion of the abdominal cavity, 

 and lies between the vertebral column above and the upper surface of the stomach below. 

 The intestinal coils composing it are concentrically arranged, the group presenting an 

 appearance as of a watch spring coiled upon itself. 



The small intestine terminates posteriorly below the sacrum by becoming continuous 

 with the great gut. The duodenal curve in the Penguins is not so well defined as in 

 the majority of birds. In the latter it usually forms a well-marked curve, within 

 the cavity of which the pancreas is accommodated. In the Penguins, on the other hand, 

 the duodenum, except in so far as it constitutes the first portion of the gut, is indis- 

 tinguishable from the rest of the small intestine. In them the duodenal curve does not 

 difler either in size or form from the other coils of the small gut. Neither is the pancreas 

 limited to the first of these coils, as in the majority of birds, but extends for a variable 

 distance in different species along the gut, and in every species comes into relation with 

 two or more of the intestinal coUs. The hepatic and pancreatic ducts open into the 

 upper portion of the small intestine, at a variable distance from the pylorus in different 

 species. The exact position of the extremities of these ducts, with reference to the 

 intestine, will be found in the description of the glands to which they belong. 



