396 BULLETIN OF THE 



The Alleghanian Fauna hence includes all of Southern New Englanu, 

 except the higher parts of the Green Mountain ranges, including even 

 the southern third of Maine and a considerable part of New Hamp- 

 shire and Vermont ; all of New York, except the higher portions of the 

 Adirondacks and the southeastern extremity of that State (which be- 

 longs to the Carolinian Fauna), all the lowlands of the Canadas, as far 

 east at least as the vicinity of Quebec ; the northern border of Ohio, 

 the greater part of Wisconsin and Minnesota (in fact, very nearly all 

 of these two States), and the valleys of the Red River of the North, 

 the Assinniboine, and large portions of the valleys of the Saskatchewan 

 and its two main branches, including also the extensive lowlands sur- 

 rounding Lake Winnipeg. It also embraces all the Appalachian high- 

 lands southward to Georgia, except the higher parts (which belong to 

 the Canadian Fauna), and hence includes a large part of Pennsylvania, 

 the greater part of the highlands of Maryland, Virginia, and the Caroli- 

 nas. The isolated areas within this region belonging to the Canadian 

 Fauna are the highlands of Northeastern New York, and the most 

 elevated parts of Pennsylvania, the Virginias, North Carolina, and 

 Georgia. The northwestern part of New Jersey seems also to belong 

 to the Canadian Fauna. 



The Alleghanian Fauna is characterized by the absence of those 

 species already mentioned as finding their northern limit within the 

 Carolinian Fauna, by the presence of those mentioned below as limited 

 in their northward range by the Alleghanian Fauna, and by the 

 absence of a considerable number which occur abundantly in the Cana- 

 dian Fauna. It is further distinguished from the Carolinian Fauna by 

 the occurrence within it in the breeding season of the species enumer- 



tion of tobacco, .the winter climate is almost arctic, ice remaining in the lakes in shel- 

 tered places till late in May. Yet in summer the Winnipeg district is frequented 

 by birds that find their northern range limited on the Atlantic coast to Southern Maine, 

 ■where the winters are much shorter and the cold far less severe than en the prairies of 

 the Saskatchewan. The same continental character of the climate of the interior 

 is similarly seen as far south as the prairies of the Upper Mississippi, to which the 

 northern birds descend in winter in greater numbers and with greater regularity than 

 in the corresponding latitudes near the Atlantic coast. A limitation of the ornithologi- 

 cal fauna; by the distribution of the birds in winter, — in other words, by their maxi- 

 mum range, — would hence differ considerably from the circumscription of these faunae 

 based on the breeding range of the species. This remark applies, of course, not only 

 to the present fauna ( Alleghanian), but to Eastern North America as a whole, especially 

 to that portion north of the Louisiauian Fauna. 



