BY E. C. ANDREWS. 175 



tying in various stages, and extensive coastal plains. They occur 

 also in proximity to large rivers. 



(8) On the mainland and islands of Queensland the occasional 

 evidence of small cliffs is present, although typically conspicuous 

 by their absence. (Clifls are noticeable on the JST.S. Wales coast, 

 and are very pronounced on the Tasmanian seaboard.) Innnelise 

 rugged escarpments exist on both mainland and insular areas. 

 These abut in many cases on to wide coastal plains. Large 

 beaches and coast plains exist also on the leeward sides of the 

 islands sometimes as much as 20 feet above H.W. M., while 

 examples of tied islands are frequent, as at the Palms, Hinchin- 

 brook and Dunk Islands. 



Fringing coral reefs are associated with most of the islands. 



(9) Lagoons and lagoon-marsh meadows are of frequent occur- 

 rence along the coast, especially so between Townsville and Sydney 

 Heads. At Ballina"^ (just south of the Queensland area) there 

 exists a great extent of low land encircled by an amphitheatre of 

 hills. Long lines of sand dunes on this area curve sympathetically 

 with the coast line. Lagoons have been formed between successive 

 dunes to be changed subsequentl}^ to lagoon-marsh meadows. A 

 still later phase here is elevation and encroachment by the sea, as 

 shown by the peaty products of the marshes being exposed in the 

 present coast nips. 



(10) Bay bars and spits have a great distribution. 



(11) South of the Great Barrier Reef numerous rivers, of which 

 the Brisbane, Tweed, Richmond, Clarence and Macleay may be 

 taken as types, pursue general easterly directions to within a few 

 miles of the coast, when they flow to sea along northerly channels 

 sometimes as much as 50 miles in length. 



The country east of these deviations is typicall}^ of flat, low, 

 sandy or swampy nature. River bars exist at the entrances. 

 Although the rivers have a general easterly flow, the head waters 

 frequently follow meridionally disposed channels. 



* J. E. Carne, Ann. Eeport Dept. Mines N.S. Wales, 1896, p. 151. 



