'630 0. B. HAIIDENBERG. 



twig, or the neck of the bag* is closely applied to the bark of 

 the tree and firmly fastened all around. In other cases the 

 bag- is provided with a fairly long strand of silk so that the 

 bag will swing and offer no resistance when hit by any object. 

 Thus a bird pecking at it would be unable to pierce the 

 covering, the bag retreating before every blow aimed at it. 



Having thus secured for itself the maximum amount of safety 

 against external enemies, the caterpillar now makes ready for 

 its transformation. In some cases a true cocoon is made 

 inside the bag in the shape of an inner bag of finely woven, 

 very tough, white silk, which is attached at both upper and 

 lower ends to the outer bag, but free in the middle. In other 

 cases no such elaborate preparations are made, but the larva 

 probably contents itself with an additional layer of silk to the 

 inside of the bag. 



Thus far.the caterpillar has remained in its normal attitude, 

 that is with its head toward the mouth or upper end of the 

 bag. It now turns round so that it faces the lower end 

 (through which the moth emerges) and pupates. The last 

 moult cannot be removed from the bag as it is now closed, 

 also the pupa would be unable to make the necessary move- 

 ments for the expulsion of the exuvias, so that we find the 

 •dined skin of the last moult in the bag near its upper end. 



The length of the pupa stage has in the majority of the 

 bagworm species not been ascertained, but from such as we 

 have had the opportunity to make observations on it appears 

 that the actual pupal period is very short as compared with 

 the length of the resting stage of the caterpillar. 



(4) The Imagos. 



There is a great diversity amongst the moths of the 

 various bagworms, not only in the type and general habits of 

 the males, but especially in the different degree of degenera- 

 tion of the females. With regard to this we can roughly 

 divide such bagworms as are here under discussion into four 

 groups. In the first group, comprising the Wattle Bagworm, 



