SOUTH AFRICAN BAGWORMS. 635 



leaves or feeding between leaves which have been drawn 

 together, as in many Tineidee. This is an indication that 

 the concealed feeding habit is the more primitive one, and 

 the life -histories of the larvfe of these bagworms thus confirm 

 the low position of the families to which the bagworms had 

 been assigned on the strength of the structural characters of 

 the adults. 



The habit of building larval cases which are carried about 

 by their inhabitants has been reported from the following 

 families : 



(1) Perophoridte (Lacosomidae) . — Example: Pero- 

 phora sanguiuolenta, the "Hammock Moth " of South- 

 America. 



(2) Pyralidas. — Example: CcBnodomus hockingii 

 Walsingham and species of the genus Nymphula. 



(3) Psychi da?.— The larvae are case-bearers without 

 exception. Kirby in his Catalogue in 1892 mentions 206 

 species of true Psychids, and undoubtedly there are many 

 more. 



(4) TalaeporidEe. — The larva? of these are also without 

 exception bagworms. 



(5) Coleop horida?. — Example: Amphisbatis incon- 

 gruella Btt. Many species in this family are leaf-minex's 

 in their early stages, making a bag in the later instars of their 

 larval life. 



(6) Gelechiidee, subfamily CEcophorinas. — Example: 

 Fumea limulus and Borkhausenia flavif routella Hh. 



(7) Tineidffi, subfamilies Teichobiinae and Adelina?. 

 — The members of these two subfamilies are without excep- 

 tion case- bearers. 



(8) Tortricidte. — The case-bearing habit is known only 

 in one species of the family, Exartema latifasciana Hiv. 

 which lives on moss in a bag made of the same material. 



(9) Cossidae. — Members of the genera Gym nelema and 

 Trichocossus. 



In the species to be discussed we have paid much attention 

 to the larval and pupal stages. Descriptions of caterpillars 



