DALY : GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF LABRADOR. 265 



extensive thirty-five-foot terrace on the south side of West Bay. The 

 antiquity of the dunes is indicated by the thick vegetable cap that has 

 long kept them stationary and in essentially their present form. 



The settlements on the Labrador are largely confined to the graded 

 terraces close to sealevel. Their accessibility, relatively smooth surface, 

 and naturally sheltered positions, have determined the location of houses, 

 fishing-stages, and the long lines of bawns on which the codfish are 

 dried. The inevitable graveyard is always situated on a raised beach, 

 for only there is there sufficient depth of loose material on the bed- 

 rock. 



True pocket-beaches could not be sharply separated from boulder and 

 pebble deposits that have been formed on steep-to shores or in the lee 

 of submerged rock-knobs in several fathoms of water. With the latter 

 are associated the very common aggi*egations of boulders flooring the 

 little rock-basins situated among the mammillated ledges of the emerged 

 zone. In this record therefore, the , term "beach" may, in certain 

 instances, be arbitrarily used. 



One of the commonest forms assumed by the shore-detritus, is that 

 of the barrier-beach or of its relative, the tombolo or tying-on bar. 

 Fine examples of these occur at Port Manvers and at the eastern ex- 

 tremity of Paul's Island. The settlers on the coast recognize that 

 certain peninsulas have been formed by the tying on of rocky islands to 

 the mainland ; such islands of an earlier time are locally called " barred 

 islands." The recency of the shore-uplift is well shown in the numer- 

 ous fresh-water ponds lying back of raised barrier beaches. Their 

 basins represent either true coastal lagoons or the depressions located 

 on the landward side of submarine bars. Often a series of bars form, 

 with the tied-on rock-islands, the rim of a pond. Examples can be 

 found at Mauve Bay, Newfoundland, at Pottle's Cove, West Bay, at 

 Ford Harbor, and at Black Island Harbor. In every case, the pond 

 exhibits extremely little infilling with wash from the adjacent hills, nor 

 has the growth of peat significantly diminished the size of the basin. 

 The freshness of form corroborates in striking degree the other evidence 

 that goes to show how lately the land has emerged from beneath the 

 sea. Occasionally the bar is cut through by a stream that has thus 

 destroyed the integrity of the basin lying back of the bar. 



Not the least conspicuous features of the views obtained along the 

 coast, are the fossil spits such as those at Jigger Island, Sandy Island, 

 Ford Harbor, John's Harbor and in the vicinity of Nain. Tailing off 

 with beautifully even slopes from a few hundred feet to more than a mile 



