cox TENTS 



in prapes; (il, leaf-surfaces; ()2, the leaves of brambles; 63, the 

 leaves of the bush-fruits; 64, identification of nursery trees 

 from the leaves. 



VI. — The Flower 39 



65, Flowers distinp^uisherl from shoots and leaves; 66, the 

 parts of a flower and their arranpfement ; 67, the inflorescence; 

 68, the receptacle; (iO, the floral envelope; 70, the calyx; 71, the 

 corolla; 72, the stamens; 73, the pistils; 74, arran^^fements of 

 floral orphans; 7'), sex in hardy fruits; 76, pollination and fer- 

 tilization; 77, abnormal fruits; 78, self-sterile and self-fertile 

 fruits; 70, effects of cross-pollination on the fruits; 80, fruit 

 development without fertilization; 81, cross-fertilization be- 

 tween varieties, species, and genera; 82, scent in flowers. 



VII.— The Fruit 51 



83, Fruit defined ; 84, kinds of fruits. The pome : 85, shapes 

 of pomes; 86, the stems of pomes; 87, the cavity; 88, the basin; 

 89, the calyx; 90, surface characters of pomes; 91, color of 

 pome-fruits; 92, dots; 93, cutting pomes to show the internal 

 structure; 94, the flesh of pomes; 95, flavor, aroma, and 

 quality; 96, the core; 97, seeds; 98, vascular bundles; 99, 

 stamens; 100, calyx-tube and styles; 101, date of ripening and 

 season. The Drupe: 102, Size of drupes; 103, shapes of 

 drupes; 104, cavity and apex; 105, the stem; 106, the suture 

 of drupe-fruits; 107, color of drupe-fruits; 108, skin char- 

 acters of drupes; 109, the flesh of drupes; 110, flavor; 111, the 

 stone; 112, season. Fruits of the brambles: 113, adherence 

 to the receptacle; 114, size, shape, and color of berries; 115, 

 the flesh of bramble-fruits. The botanical berry : 116, fruit 

 and seeds of the grape; 117, fruits and seeds of gooseberries 

 and currants; 118, fruits and seeds of the heath-berries. The 

 fruits op the strawberry : 119, fruit characters of the straw- 

 berry. 



VIII. — Physiological Characters 82 



120, Hardiness; 121, fruit-bearing habits; 122, longevity; 

 123, natural resistance to disease and insect pests; 124, the 

 adaptation of varieties to different environments; 125, perma- 

 nency of varieties; 126, correlations; 127, variations caused 

 by climate; 128, variations caused by soils; 129, variations 

 caused by cultivation ; 130, variations caused by stocks. 



IX. — Methods of Work in Systematic Pomology ... 88 



131, Materials for work in systematic pomology; 132, the 

 requisites of a good description; 133, two methods of de- 

 scribing fruit ; 134, the necessity of full descriptions ; 135, 

 descriptive blanks ; 136, terminology of descriptive pomology ; 



