44 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 



and is eaten; in raspberries it is the ripened cone left on the 

 j)lant Avhen the ripe berries are picked; in tlie strawberry the 

 receptacle is much enlarj^red and pulpy, ))ears on its surface the 

 seeds and is the edible part of the fruit. In tlie apple, pear, 

 and other jwme-fruits the peduncle grrows directly into the 

 flower and there seems to !>(> no distinct receptacle. In the stone- 

 fruits, the receptacle is a hollow cup to the edg^e of which are 

 attached tlie ealyx, corolla, and stamens, with the single carpel 

 at the bottom. Currants, gooseberi-ies, and grapes are true 

 licrries, which are ripened ovaries, all seated upon relatively 

 iiic()ns]iicuous I'cceptaclcs. 



69. The floral envelope.— The calyx and corolla, together 

 the floral envelope, are not directly concerned with the produc- 

 tion of seeds and are, therefore, non-essential parts of a flower 

 as contrasted with the stamens and pistils which are the essential 

 organs. The floral envelope serves as a protection to a flower, 

 or to attract insects to it, or for both purposes. One of the 

 whorls of the envelope, or rarely both, may be absent in some 

 plants but are not in any of the hardy fruits. When the parts 

 of the calyx and corolla are identical in color and shape, the 

 floral envelope is called the perianih. 



70. The calyx. — Usually a whorl of greenish leaves, the calyx 

 is a protective covering for the remainder of the flower it en- 

 folds. Sometimes, but in none of the fruits under discussion, 

 the calyx is brightly colored. In some plants the calyx falls 

 off Avhen the flower opens, in which case it is caducous; or it 

 may remain attached to the receptacle long after the flowers 

 open or even until the fruits ripen, when it is persistent, which 

 is the case in nearly all hardy fruits. When the calyx-lobes 

 persist on the ripened fruits, as in some pomes, their presence 

 or absence and their characters when present become recognition 

 marks of considerable value. If the sepals are united, as in 

 nearly all hardy fruits, the calyx is said to be gamosepalous; 

 if separate, polysepalo^is. The cuplike portion of a gamosepa- 

 lous calyx is the calyx-tuhe; if toothed, the teeth or divisions 

 are the calyx-lohes. Many of the terms describing leaves are 

 applicable to sepals. 



The calyx furnishes several fine marks of distinction betw^een 

 the different brambles. The sepals vary greatly in size, shape. 



