66 



SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 



X^~^^«?^V; 



withered remains of the ca- 

 lyx, luulerneath wliieh is the 

 lialved ])()i-tioii of the calyx- 

 tube. Inserted in this tube 

 are the remains of the sta- 

 mens wliieli show as small 

 bristles. Apples may be di- 

 vided into three groups in 

 accordance with the arrange- 

 ment of the stamens in the 

 calyx-tube. In one group 

 the stamens are near the top 

 of the tube and are margi- 

 nal ; in a second group they 

 are near the middle of the 

 tube and are therefore me- 

 dian; in a third, they are at 

 the base, and are hasal. An 

 objection to the use of sta- 

 mens in systematic work is 

 that they are often injured 

 or destroyed by insects or 

 spray (Fi^r. 36). 



100. Calyx-tube and styles. 

 — The calyx-tube is of some 

 use in separating varieties, 

 although it varies greatly 

 with the size of the fruit and 

 is often abnormal in size and 

 shape, either from injuries 

 or abnormalities in other 

 parts of the fruit. Thus, the 

 base of the styles, in some 

 varieties, develops into fleshy 

 tissue which affects the 

 shape of the calyx-tube. 

 The latter may be of three 

 quite distinct shapes : it may 

 be conical or cone-shaped, funnel-shaped y or urn-shaped. When 



Fig. 37. Carpels and sepals of the apple. 

 (After Hogg.) Explanation of Figs. 36 and 

 37. Stamens. The marginal position is 

 shown in 1, 2 a, 3, and 4 a ; the median 

 in 5 a, 6 a, and 7 ; and the baml in 8 a 

 and 9 a. 



Tube. The tube is of two distinct forms — 

 the conical and the funnel-shaped. The out- 

 lines of the conical tube are shown in 1, 2, 6, 

 and 9. Tlie funnel shape is shown in 2, 4, 

 5, 7, and 8. 



Carpels. If a carpel is split down the mid- 

 dle its walls or membranous lining will be 

 either round, as represented in 2 b ; ovate, 

 as in 6 b ; obovate, as in 9 b ; or elliptical, 

 as in 4 b. Then in relation to the axis of 

 the fruit, they are either axile or abaxile. 

 When the walls extend to the «xis, the cells 

 are symmetrical, as shown in 10 and 11, and 

 are said to be axile, whether they are open, 

 as in 11, or closed, as in 10. When they are 

 distant from the axis, and the cells are un- 

 sj-mmetrical, as shown in 12, they are called 

 abaxile. 



Sepals. In 13, the segments are reflexed, so 

 much as to fall back flat on the fruit in the 

 form of a star ; they are then said to be 

 divergent. In 14, the segments are erect 

 with their margins merely touching and their 

 points divergent; these are erect convergent. 

 The flat convergent positions are shown in 

 15 and 16. The connivent forms are shown 

 in 17 and 18, in which the segments overlap 

 each other and form a compact cone. 



