so SYS'IKMATIC J'()M()L()(;Y 



According to Sliaw, the i'orni of tlic top of an a])ple-tree can 

 l)c foretold from the leaf-angles on a one-year whip; if the 

 angle is sharp, the top will he upright in growth; if broad, the 

 top will be spreading. Shaw also says that varieties bearing 

 green-fruited apples have leaves of a clear green color; leaves 

 of red-fruited varieties are darker and have a purplish or bluish 

 east. 



The leaves and especially the veins of yellow-tleshed peaches 

 have a distinct tinge of yellow; those of white-fleshed peaches are 

 green ; of red-fleshed sorts red or reddish. 



White-fruited Rotundifolia grapes are borne on plants which 

 have white shoots, nodes, aerial roots and vines; black-fruited 

 grapes of this species are produced on plants in which these 

 organs are reddish. These are but examples and types of many 

 correlations on record. 



127. Variations caused by climate. — Fruits vary greatly in 

 different climates, and account must be taken of these variations 

 in all systematic work. Every climate has its own type of 

 plants, — modifications by the environment. Cold climates re- 

 duce stature; shorten growths; intensify the colors of fruits; 

 give richer and sweeter flavors; and cut short the gi'owing sea- 

 son. Dry climates reduce the size and number of leaves ; dimin- 

 ish growth in length ; and develop aromatic flavors in fruits. 

 The farther north, the shorter is the time between life events, 

 as leafing and blooming. A variety is so different grown in 

 New York, Virginia, Texas, Utah, and Oregon, that judged by 

 its fruits it might easily be mistaken for five distinct varieties. 

 Brought from these several states to one locality, trees and 

 fruits snap back into the original variety with uniform char- 

 acters. It is useless to try to propagate the type that develops 

 in a new or peculiar climate ; the modification lasts only as long 

 as the plant remains in the strange environment. 



128. Variations caused by soils. — As with climates, so with 

 soils, — each distinctive soil or unusual condition of land brings 

 about modifications in the plant and its product. In dry warm 

 soils, the plant is short and stocky; comes in bearing early; 

 the crop matures early; the fruits are highly colored; and the 

 length of time the fruits will keep is shortened. In cool moist 

 soils, plant and fruit take an opposite trend. In very rich 



