VARIETIES OF APPLES 235 



cored or rotten at the core ; the trees are unproductive ; and fruit 

 and foliage are susceptible to the scab-fungus. Hawley origi- 

 nated from seeds planted by Mathew Hawley, New Canaan, New 

 York, about 1750. 



Tree large, vigorous, hardy, long-lived, comes in bearing late, moderately 

 productive. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, globular, oblate or 

 conic, ribbed; stem slender; cavity acute, deep, wide and with outspreading 

 russet rays; calyx large, partly closed; lobes reflexed, wide, acute; basin 

 deep, very abrupt, often furrowed; skin smooth, waxy, thin, pale green 

 deepening to yellow, sometimes showing a faint brown blush, with scattering 

 russet dots and flecks toward the cavity; calyx-tube large, wide, cone- 

 shape, yellow or brown ; cells closed ; core-lines meeting ; carpels flat, tufted, 

 round, emarginate; seeds few, obtuse, medium in size, often abortive; flesh 

 yellow, soft, tender, fine-grained, juicy, rich, mild subacid; very good; 

 September to November. 



352. Porter. — If the fruits are judged by quality, the variety 

 would rank as one of the best of its season, but the apples are 

 too tender in flesh to ship, the season of ripening is long and 

 variable, and the crop drops badly. Porter originated about 

 1800 with Rev. Samuel Porter, Sherburne, Massachusetts. 



Tree large, vigorous, round or spreading. Fruit large, oblong-conic, 

 truncate at base and with apex oblique and ribbed; stem short, thick, some- 

 times knobbed, curved; cavity acute, deep, narrow, compressed, usually 

 faintly russeted ; calyx large, closed or open ; lobes separated at base, short, 

 narrow, acute; basin deep, shallow, narrow, abrupt, broadly furrowed 

 and wrinkled; skin thin, smooth, glossy, yellow with faint blush, marked 

 with scattering red dots; dots small, submerged, green with white center, 

 sometimes russet; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; stamens median; 

 core large, axile or abaxile; cells partly open or wide open; core-lines 

 meeting; carpels broadly ovate, mucronate; seeds large, plump, rounded, 

 acute; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly; 

 good to very good; September to November. 



Group 9. Red Apples 



353. Constantine (Fig. 62). Grand Duke 

 Ccmstantime. — Constantine is very similar to 

 the better-known Alexander, from which it 

 differs in that the fruit ripens a week later, 

 keeps longer, hangs later, cracks less, and 

 is a little better in quality. The trees are ^^^ ^^ Constan- 

 not so large as those of Alexander and may * "tine. 



