72 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



to all of these troubles, and if hybrids could be obtained to 

 produce directly, without grafting, grapes with the good qualities 

 of the \Mniferas — in short, European grapes on American 

 vines — the cultivated grape flora of the whole world might 

 be changed. So far, a "direct producer" that is wholly satis- 

 factory in either Europe or California has not been found for 

 the wine or raisin industries, although a number of varieties 

 are rated as very good table grapes, and a few are used in wine- 

 making. The best of the direct producers are Lenoir, Taylor, 

 Noah, Norton's Virginia, Autuchon, Othello, Catawba, and 

 Delaware. 



