122 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-OROWING 



the growing season to protect buds, foliage and fruit from 

 being injured from whipping. 



Tying. 



The canes are tied to the trellis in early spring, and under 

 most systems of pruning the growing shoots are tied in the 

 summer. This work is done by cheap men, women, boys and 

 girls. A great variety of material is used to make the tie, as 

 raffia, wooltwine, willow, inner bark of the linden or bass- 

 wood, green rye straw, corn husks, carpet-rags and wire. The 

 same materials are not usually employed for both canes and 

 shoots, since the canes are tied firmly to hold them steady and 

 the work is done early before there is danger of breaking swell- 

 ing buds, while the summer shoots are tied to hold for a shorter 

 time and more loosely to permit growth in diameter. Tying 

 usually follows accepted patterns in one region but varies 

 greatly in different regions. There is a knack to be learned in 

 the use of each one of the materials named, but with none is it 

 difficult, and an ingenious person can easily contrive a tie of 

 his own to suit fancy or conditions. 



