TRAINING GRAPES IN EASTERN AMERICA 125 



CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS OF TRAINING THE 

 GRAPE rx EASTERN AMERICA 



I. Shoots upright : 



1. Chan tail qua Arm. - 



2. Keuka High Renewal. 



3. Fan. 



II. Shoots di'ooping : 



1. Single-stem, Fouv-cane Kniffin. 



2. Two-stem, Four-cane Kniffin. 



3. Umbrella Kniffin. 



4. Y-stem Kniffin. 



5. Munson. 

 III. Shoots horizontal : 



1. Hudson Horizontal. 



7. Shoots upright 



Systematic training of tlie grape in America began toward 

 the middle of the nineteenth century with a method in which 

 the shoots were trained upright from two permanent hori- 

 zontal arms. These arms are laid to right and left on a low 

 wire and bear more or less permanent spurs, from each of which 

 two shoots are produced each season to bear the crop. The 

 number of spurs left on each arm depends on the vigor of the 

 vine and the space between vines. As the shoots grow up- 

 ward, they are tied to upper wires, there being three wires on 

 the trellis for this method. This method is now known as the 

 Horizontal Arm Spur. It has a serious fault in its trouble- 

 some spurs and has almost entirely given way to a modifica- 

 tion called the Chautauqua Arm method, much used in the 

 great Chautauqua grape-belt. As one of the chief methods 

 of training the grape in eastern America, this must be de- 

 scribed in detail. 



The Chautaiiqua Ann method. 



The trellis for this method has two wires, although occasion- 

 ally three are used. The lower wire is eighteen or twenty 



