126 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



inches above the ground and the second thirty-four inches 

 above the lower. If three are used, the wires are twenty 

 inches apart. F. E. Gladwin, in charge of the vineyard lab- 

 oratory of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station 

 at Fredonia, in the heart of the Chautauqua belt, describes 

 this method of training as follows : 



"The vines are cut back to two buds at each pruning the 

 first two years. If the vines are vigorous two canes are tied 

 up at the beginning of the third year ; if scant, but one is left 

 and this, if the growth is extremely unfavorable, is cut back 

 to two buds. The canes are carried up obliquely to the upper 

 wire when the growth permits and are there firmly tied either 

 with twine or fine wire, the latter being more commonly used. 

 The canes are also loosely tied to the lower wire. The pruning 

 for the fourth year consists in cutting away all but two or three 

 canes and a number of spurs from the arms formed by tying 

 up the two canes the previous year. The vine now consists of 

 two arms, arising from near the ground, with two or three 

 canes of the previous year, and several two-bud spurs at in- 

 tervals along the arms. As far as possible such canes as have 

 arisen but a short distance above the lower wire are selected. 

 All the old wood projecting beyond the last cane retained on 

 each of the arms is cut away. The arms of the third year are 

 bent down from their oblique position and are tied firmly to 

 the lower wire, to the right and left of the center of the vine. 

 These are now permanent arms. The vine at this time consists 

 of two arms, arising from near the ground, tied to the lower 

 wire to the right and left of the center, and on these are two 

 or three canes, pruned long enough to reach to the middle 

 wire at least, and if possible to the upper. They are tied so 

 that they stand in a vertical or oblique position. Along the 

 arms at intervals of a few inches are spurs, consisting of two 

 buds. If the vineyardist maintains the arms permanently, 

 these spurs furnish the fruiting wood for the succeeding year. 



